JFK’s New Frontier Mr. Owens

Essential Questions During the Cold War what were the most significant periods of direct or indirect military confrontation and what were the periods of détente? What impact did Cold War competition have on United States policy toward Latin America and to what extent did it support democracy in the region? How did members of each branch of the federal government promote greater racial justice?

1960 Presidential Campaign JFK (43) Nixon (47) who seemed younger? 1st Televised Debates & TV ads $$ Main Issues:“missile gap” & religion Close election results JFK won by less than 119,000 popular votes Won by 100,000 votes, youngest to win via electoral college/last dem to take wh not from south

1960 Election Results: Why was the selection of Lyndon Johnson as V.P. important for JFK? Harry Byrd Sen. of VA – “Massive Resistance”

Inauguration Speech

Inaugural Address “We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and success of liberty.” “Let us never negotiate out of fear. But never let us fear to negotiate.” “And so my fellow Americans: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”

“Camelot”- glamour Jackie Kennedy “The Best and the Brightest”: Robert McNamara Defense, Robert Kennedy Attorney General, John Kenneth Galbraith “New Frontier” Goals: Increase federal aid to education & minimum wage, national health insurance, urban renewal, civil rights - Congress says no Increase defense spending & NASA (go to the Moon!) to win Cold War

Bay of Pigs, Cuba: April, ‘61 JFK okays Eisenhower era CIA plan code-named “Bumpy Road” CIA trained 1,400 Cuban Exiles Total failure: Cubans did not rise up in support of exiles Castro led defense of island 1,189 captured/100 killed US paid $53 million in food and medicine for their release “Victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan.” - JFK Castro received increased aid from Soviet Union CIA “Operation Mongoose”

JFK Foreign Policy Less of Ike’s “brinkmanship” and more“flexible response” Special Forces“Green Berets” Alliance for Progress (1961)- $20 billion to Latin America schools, housing and health care Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and Central America Peace Corps (1961) – headed by brother-in-law Sargent Shriver

JFK & The Cold War 1961 Soviets build the Berlin Wall Kennedy visits West Berlin in 1963“Ich bin ein Berliner.” Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 “Hotline” & Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963 Flexible response: Special forces into Vietnam, Laos & the Congo.

Civil Rights 1960-1963 Sit-ins: Greensboro NC, Woolworth’s 1960 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC “Snick”) formed 1960 “Freedom Rides” 1961 CORE attempt to desegregate bus stations, SNCC takeover 1962 JFK 3,000 troops so James Meredith to attend Ole Miss to defy Gov. Ross Barnett JFK sends troops to Alabama to stop Governor George Wallace from U. of Alabama in 1963 “I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!” MLK leads “Project X” protests in Birmingham, AL, Chief “Bull” Connor violent crackdown televised. JFK responds. MLK’s “Letter From a Birmingham Jail” March of Washington: August 1963 “I have a dream”

JFK Assassination Nov. 22, 1963 Dallas Lee Harvey Oswald – ex-Marine Jack Ruby kills Oswald Nov. 24th Warren Commission – Oswald acted alone