Bellwork 4/12 1. Which process do elk and other Yellowstone animals use to convert energy in their food into ATP? A. cellular respiration B. filtration C. osmosis D. photosynthesis 2. What directly supplies the energy needed to actively transport sodium ions across the plasma membrane of a cell? A. DNA B. ATP C. enzymes D. lipids

Agenda 4/12- Cellular Respiration Bellwork New Information: Cellular Respiration Lab/Activity: Start virtual lab (cellular respiration and photosynthesis) HW- finish lab Cell Energy and Cell Transport Test on Friday

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Energy storage molecule Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Formation of ATP ATP stores enough energy for many cellular functions. ADP ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery Fully charged battery ATP stores enough energy for many cellular functions.

ATP ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Aerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) Mitochondrion (In prokaryotes, cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and cell membrane.)

Fermentation (no oxygen) Cellular Respiration: chemical energy stored in glucose is released by breaking bonds and is transferred into ATP molecules. Energy for Life Processes Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Fermentation (no oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

Electrons carried in NADH Electron Transport Chain Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Pyruvic acid O2 Electrons in NADH, FADH2 Glucose Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Cytoplasm H2O Mitochondrion CO2

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Agenda 4/13- Cellular Respiration Bellwork New Information: Finish Cellular Respiration notes; Fermentation- how do cells manage to get energy without oxygen? Lab/Activity: finish virtual lab, finish questions (HW if not done in class) HW- packet page 112 and back of last page Test on Friday- study!

Electrons carried in NADH Electron Transport Chain Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Pyruvic acid O2 Electrons in NADH, FADH2 Glucose Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Cytoplasm H2O Mitochondrion CO2

Glycolysis 2 ATP Net Gain 2 ATP 4 ATP = Occurs in cytoplasm Glyco (glucose), lysis (cutting) 2 ATP Net Gain 2 ATP 4 ATP = Glucose 2 Pyruvic acids Occurs in cytoplasm To the electron transport chain NO O2 REQUIRED FOR GLYCOLYSIS!!

Glyco (glucose), lysis (cutting) To the electron transport chain Glycolysis Glyco (glucose), lysis (cutting) What’s produced during glycolysis? 2 ATP 2 Pyruvic acids 2 NADH (carrying 2 high energy electrons) 2 ATP Net Gain 2 ATP 4 ATP = Glucose 2 Pyruvic acids To the electron transport chain 13

Fermentation (without oxygen) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) If O2 is present, glycolysis leads to AEROBIC cellular respiration (the Krebs aka Citric Acid Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain). Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis AEROBIC cellular respiration Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

Aerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) ATP

2. NADH and FADH2 (with high energy electrons!) 3. 2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle What’s produced during the Krebs Cycle? 1. CO2 (exhaled as waste) 2. NADH and FADH2 (with high energy electrons!) 3. 2 ATP

Cellular Respiration The high-energy electrons produced in glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle go on the electron transport chain to convert ADP into ATP. Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Pyruvic acid O2 Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Glucose Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Cytoplasm H2O Mitochondrion CO2 17

Electron Transport Chain Net Gain per Glucose 32 ATPs e- e- Oxygen - binds with two waste products (2 H+ & 2 electrons) to produce H2O: this is why O2 is essential! e- e- 18

Electron Transport Chain Net Gain per Glucose 32 ATP Enzyme- ATP Synthase Oxygen - binds with two waste products (2 H+ & 2 electrons) to produce H2O: this is why O2 is essential!

Electron Transport Chain What’s produced? 32 ATP H2O Oxygen - binds with two waste products (2 H+ & 2 electrons) to produce H2O: this is why O2 is essential! 20

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Energy storage molecule Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups 21

Cellular Respiration Overview (Eukaryotes) NADH Pyruvate NADH, FADH2 Krebs cycle Electron Transport glycolysis 2 ATP + 2 ATP + 32 ATP = 36 ATP

Agenda 4/14- Cellular Respiration Bellwork New Information: Fermentation- how do cells manage to get energy without oxygen? Lab/Activity: finish lab, finish questions (HW if not done in class); packet Test on Wednesday- study!

Bellwork

Cellular Respiration Overview (Eukaryotes) NADH Pyruvate NADH, FADH2 Krebs cycle Electron Transport glycolysis 2 ATP + 2 ATP + 32 ATP = 36 ATP

Fermentation (no oxygen) Cellular Respiration: chemical energy stored in glucose is released by breaking bonds and is transferred into ATP molecules. Energy for Life Processes Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Fermentation (no oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

Overview of Cellular Respiration Glycolosis Where: cytosol (cytoplasm) Products: 2 pyruvic acid molecules 2 ATP 2 NADH

Overview of Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle Only if O2 is present! Where: Mitochondrion (matrix) Products: 2 ATP NADH and FADH2

Overview of Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain Only happens if O2 present! Where: Inner membrane of mitochondrion Products: H2O 32 ATP

What if no Oxygen is available? Ex: Anaerobic exercise Only Glycolysis can run. 2 ATP per Glucose molecule. Only 1/18th or 5% of the energy is produced. This is why sprinters can’t run forever!

Fermentation Occurs when oxygen is absent Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, doesn’t require oxygen If no oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by fermentation In eukaryotes, lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH Lactic acid + NAD+ When the body can’t provide the tissues with enough O2, this process occurs (as during rapid exercise).

Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ Conducted by yeast (causes bread to rise because CO2 produced)

So what happens when you exercise? Why do you breathe? (RESPIRATORY SYSTEM)- 2 reasons When is O2 used? What forms as a result?

Endosymbiotic Theory (Lynn Margulis, 1981) Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have originated as free-living prokaryotes that lived symbiotically within cells, leading to eukaryotes. Evidence: Circular DNA Two or more cell membranes, with the innermost one similar to prokaryotic cell membranes Ribosomes

Finish Virtual Lab Collect and analyze data. When you’re done, complete the photosynthesis anticipation guide

Compare/Contrast Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Energy Storing or Releasing Products Reactants Location