Protective effects of amlodipine on ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat ovary: biochemical and histopathologic evaluation  Zekai Halici, M.D., Mehmet Karaca, M.D., Osman Nuri Keles, M.Sc., Bunyamin Borekci, M.D., Fehmi Odabasoglu, Ph.D., Halis Suleyman, M.D., Ph.D., Elif Cadirci, B.Sc., Yasin Bayir, M.Sc., Bunyami Unal, M.D., Ph.D.  Fertility and Sterility  Volume 90, Issue 6, Pages 2408-2415 (December 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.007 Copyright © 2008 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Ovary sections obtained from the ischemia group. It was determined that many structural anomalies such as vascular dilatation brought about hemorrhagic changes in general appearances (a, b, and e). At the cellular level, both apoptotic (c, arrows) and degenerative cells (d) were shown. In degenerative cells of this group, not only nuclear changes consisting of karyolysis and karyorrhexis but also opaque and strongly eosinophilic (d) cytoplasmic changes were clearly observed. In some of the granulosa cells of follicles, there were apoptotic cells (c) with prominent morphologic features such as shrinkage of cytoplasm, increase in eosinophilic stain, and particularity chromatin condensations—fragmentation cellular structures in ovary stroma, which indicated cellular degeneration such as decreased nuclear size, perinuclear aggregation of heterochromatin materials, and a huge accumulation of vacuoles (d) but also showed degenerative vascular structure. Among granulosa cells in follicles were clearly determined many apoptotic and degenerative cell nuclei (c). GE = germinal epithelium, Gc = granular cell, GLc = granulosa luteal cell, TLc = theca luteal cell, Os = ovary stroma, Bv = blood vessel, e = epithelium, Dc = degenerative cell, cp = capillary, Er = erythrocytes. Fertility and Sterility 2008 90, 2408-2415DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.007) Copyright © 2008 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Ovary section profiles from amlodipine 5 mg/kg ischemia (a, c, e, and g) and amlodipine 5 mg/kg reperfusion (b, d, f, and h) groups. Histopathologic findings were similar between amlodipine 3 mg/kg and amlodipine 5 mg/kg ischemia and amlodipine 3 mg/kg and amlodipine 5 mg/kg reperfusion groups. Sf = secondary follicle, Oc = oocytes, GE = germinal epithelium, Hs = hemosiderin, Zp = zona pellucida, Gc = granular cell, Apc = apoptotic cell, Os = ovary stroma. Fertility and Sterility 2008 90, 2408-2415DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.007) Copyright © 2008 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions