Shahrokh Javaheri et al. JACC 2017;69:841-858 Pathophysiological Consequences of Sleep Apnea and Hypopnea Pleural pressure (Ppl) is a surrogate of the pressure surrounding the heart and other vascular structures. ↑ = increased; ↓ = decreased. Reprinted with permission from Javaheri (8). CV = cardiovascular; H2O = water; L = left; O2 = oxygen; PCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood; PO2 = partial pressure of oxygen in the blood; R = right. Shahrokh Javaheri et al. JACC 2017;69:841-858 American College of Cardiology Foundation