Road Traffic Noise An Industry Opinion Noise in EUROPE – 24 April 2017 Brussels Alfred Kloos, ACEA Hans-Martin Gerhard, Porsche AG Manfred Klopotek von Glowczewski, Scania CV AB Françoise Silvani, Group Renault

Traffic Noise - Overview Traffic Volume Generated (Descriptor Leq) Single Event Generated Descriptor Lmax Driving Behaviour Manipulation Single Event Generated (Descriptor Lmax) Maintenance To be selected Sound at Source Off-Cycle Emissions (ASEP) Road Quality Manipulation // Maintenance Infrastructure Driving Behaviour

Traffic Noise - Leq How noise is generated by road traffic vehicles Type Approval: 69,5 dB(A) Drive train Tyre / Road Gas Flow The sound emission of a modern standard passenger car tested according to the new type approval test according to R(EU) No 540/2014, splits primarily into rolling sound followed by sound emitted by the gas flow and powertrain sound emission.

Traffic Noise - Reduction With the new Sound Emission Regulation (EU) No 540/2014 including ASEP a much better system has been implemented. It addresses the right noise sources during normal urban driving and the sound limit values as written down for Phase 1 to Phase 3 are helping to reduce traffic noise in urban areas. Even a full electric vehicle will not be much more quiet  Possible reduction only 0.5 dB(A) Any improvements of drive train and gas flow noise beyond Phase 3, will not result in a quieter traffic, but will make vehicles less safe for pedestrians and additional sound emitting devices like AVAS have to be introduced on the vehicles.

Sound Emission at 7.5mtr Distance in dB(A) Traffic Noise - Minimum Pedestrian Safety Aspects EU and UN Regulations specify minimum sound standards for pedestrian protection to ensure enough audibility of a single vehicle in traffic. The regulations actually address low speed areas up to 20 km/h (EU/ECE) and 30 km/h (USA) with minimum and maximum sound levels. 30 40 50 60 70 80 Sound Emission at 7.5mtr Distance in dB(A) Minimum Sound Requirements According to UN R138 and US FMVSS141 Quiet Road Transport Vehicle Standards refer in principle to sound emitting devices (AVAS) They replace the missing powertrain components of quiet road transport vehicles (QRTV) to alert to pedestrians the presence of vehicles. Currently the requirements are limited to electrically driven vehicles. Stage 3 limits Regulation 540/2014/EC Vehicles shall emit a sound at a level which is within this area Tyre with rolling sound at -3 dB below ist limit 67dB Tyre/Rolling Sound (ISO) C1a/B Minimum Sound (USA) Minimum Sound (EU) Max Minimum Sound (EU) TA Max Sound UN R51.03 ASEP Max Sound UN R51.03 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Vehicle Speed [km/h] If maximum sound level limits are further reduced, the minimum sound emission regulation will raise the costly lowered sound by expensive sound emitting devices.

Traffic Noise - Leq How noise is generated by road traffic vehicles 69,7 dB(A) Drive train Tyre / Road Gas Flow The sound emission of a typical modern standard passenger car tested during normal traffic with vehicle speeds up to 80 km/h splits primarily into rolling sound (87,3%) followed by sound emitted by the gas flow ( 5%) and powertrain sound emission (7%), when real driving data are analyzed

Traffic noise - reduction With the General Safety Regulation 661/2009 a system has been implemented to address tyre road noise. It addresses the right noise source during driving at higher speeds. Any further reduction regarding the powertrain noise emission or the gas flow generated noise by reducing the sound limit values below the levels of Phase 3 will not give any benefit as long as the tyre road noise contribution is dominating the sound emission of the vehicle. Question: Is it possible to reduce traffic noise by reducing only the sound limit values for tyres or do we need also improving the road surfaces?

Road Quality The Key Factor for a Quieter Environment 20 dB Presentation Japan 2007 to GRB on a study in Japan about the rolling sound variation of real roads The rolling sound increase due to different road qualities or worn-out roads can easily reach 20 dB !!!

Improved traffic flow reduces sound levels Infra structure Other Factors for a Quieter Environment Improved traffic flow reduces sound levels

Traffic Noise - Overview Traffic Volume Generated (Descriptor Leq) Single Event Generated (Descriptor Lmax) To be selected Sound at Source Maintenance Road Quality Driving Behaviour Infrastructure Manipulation

Single event - Lmax Other Factors for a Quieter Environment Maintenance Driving behaviour How a vehicle is driven strongly influences vehicle sound emission

Single event - Lmax Other Factors for a Quieter Environment Manipulation Triangle cut-outs Fake Approval OR… ILLEGAL Manipulation or use of illegal parts Vehicles can be louder than designed, especially if unauthorized parts are used or the vehicle has been manipulated

Summary With the new Sound Emission Regulation (EU) No 540/2014 including ASEP a much better system has been implemented. Regulation (EU) No 540/2014 specifies both, minimum and maximum sound standard, to balance between environmental needs and pedestrian safety. One important source is not related to the vehicle. Without a proper road quality initiative, no quiet traffic is possible. Any further tightening of the sound limit values shall not be done without considering the impact on safety eg wet and dry grip. For single events of extreme loud vehicles, additional considerations are necessary on driving behaviour, manipulation and illegal equipment.

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