PLAGIARISM AND COPYRIGHT Val Macias, LIB 1 Spring 2016 May 31, 2016 CC BY-SA-NC 4.0

Basic Definition of Plagiarism The word plagiarize actually comes from the Latin plagiare—to kidnap (Oxford English Dictionary). When you plagiarize, you’re taking (or kidnapping) someone else’s work.

Common Examples of Plagiarism Turning in someone else’s work as your own Copying and pasting (or otherwise copying directly) from articles, Web sites, or other sources without citing

Common, BUT UNWITTING Examples of Plagiarism Recycling your own papers (i.e. “reusing” your ENG 100 paper for an ENG 103 assignment) Paraphrasing someone else’s idea (i.e. putting it in your own words) without citing or giving credit.

To catch a plagiarist: There are a number of ways to detect plagiarism: People can search the Web! All they need is to find a unique phrase that is in a paper to be able to find the original source online. Your instructors may recognize what you wrote as someone else’s work. Plagiarism detection programs such as Turnitin. Instructors can call one out to competently explain an idea in the submitted paper.

How Do I Give Proper Credit? By Citing! Use quotation marks and credit all sources any time you use another person’s exact words. Credit sources whenever you paraphrase. Give credit to the original authors when you model your work on theirs Common knowledge need not be cited.

How Much Can I Use? Let’s take a PLAGIARISM QUIZ to find out!

You write: You read: Is it Plagiarism? Nineteen percent of full-time freshmen say they spend only 1 to 5 hours per week preparing for classes. You read: “Nineteen percent of full-time freshmen say they spend only 1 to 5 hours per week preparing for classes…” From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002. YES! You must use quotation marks and cite your source!

You read: You write: Is it Plagiarism? "Students are studying about one-third as much as faculty say they ought to, to do well," said George D. Kuh, director of the survey and a professor of higher education at Indiana University at Bloomington. From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002 You write: Most students spend about one-third as much time studying as faculty say they should. Yes! You must credit your source if you paraphrase text.

You write: You read: Is it Plagiarism? According to George D. Kuh, Indiana University at Bloomington, students study about one-third of the time that is expected by faculty (Young, 2002). You read: "Students are studying about one- third as much as faculty say they ought to, to do well," said George D. Kuh, director of the survey and a professor of higher education at Indiana University at Bloomington. From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002 No. As long as you have included the Young article in your reference list, you have properly cited your source.

You read: Is it Plagiarism? You write: “The tip given most consistently by professors and college officials is that students should simply do their homework. The most commonly prescribed amount is at least two hours of class preparation for every hour spent in the classroom…” From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002 You write: College students should do their homework. No. Commonly known facts or ideas do not have to be cited. Ask yourself… “Can I find this information in at least five sources?”

You use only the image You find: in your presentation: Is it Plagiarism? You use only the image in your presentation: You find: Gray wolf (Canis lupus). © Jeff Lepore/Photo Researchers Wolf. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 31, 2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=79400> Not exactly But this is actually just as bad… This is copyright infringement!

PENALTIES PLAGIARISM COPYRIGHT INFRINGMENT A zero grade on the plagiarized project. If the plagiarized project was a high- stakes assignment, a possible fail-grade for the course. Some colleges, such as Harvard, can and do expel plagiarists on a first offense . Unlike plagiarism, copyright infringement is a criminal offense (17 U.S.C.) Penalties include fines that range in the low thousands to hundreds of thousands of dollars. May also include prison sentences. May also be liable in civil court (“sued”).

Copyright Infringement You have a PowerPoint presentation to make. Where do you normally get images for it?

Google images! ABSOLUTELY NOT!

Well ,WHY NOT? COPYRIGHTED WORKS: Assume that all images found on the Internet are copyrighted, even if they are not marked so.

What about “royalty-free” images? Does “royalty-free” mean the image can be used without having to worry about paying out royalties to the creators of the images? No! Not exactly. Royalty-free means that the person who wants the photo can purchase the license to use it an unlimited number of times for a specific purpose for a flat fee (as opposed to a “per use” i.e. “royalty”) It most certainly does NOT mean it’s “free of charge” to use either. Using these images without permission or authorization is copyright infringement.

Google “Getty demand letter” Click on any of the links and read the stories. Be sure to read any scans of the “demand” letter if you see it.

Public Domain Materials Use public domain materials: These are free to use for any purpose whatsoever*. No attribution is required. www.pixabay.com www.unsplash.com https://isorepublic.com/ PRACTICE PUTTING TOGETHER POWERPOINTS WITH IMAGES FROM THESE WEBSITES. * Photos that show actual people’s faces and shots of what appear to be someone’s recognizable private property location are not exactly free-for-all—even if these appear public domain photos. People and private venues will need signed model releases from the photographer that took the original photo. While it may be pretty safe to use such photos for educational purposes and projects, avoid using them for any commercial reason for that reason. There is a reason Getty Photos, Corbis, Fotolia and other stock photography websites continue to rake in the big bucks despite the proliferation of public domains sites with gorgeous images; their packages automatically have these releases on file.

Creative Commons (CC) The next best solution is to use Creative Commons content:

Almost always free provided that you follow the license conditions. Creative Commons: Used as a freer alternative to copyrighted images, such as stock photos. Almost always free provided that you follow the license conditions.

http://search.creativecommons.org/ Teach the function.

Alfie Morton (CC BY-SA-NC 3.0) CC 0: public domain – the image is in the public domain and therefore, no license tags are required. BY: “by” -The user must credit the creator of the work. SA: share-alike: The user must tag their own work with a CC license showing SA as well if they intend to share it. NC: non-commercial - The user must not use the image for commercial purposes. ND: no derivatives - The user must use the image exactly as it appears without any alterations or adaptations (best to avoid images with this license). 1.0-4.0: License type – Use the license type found associated with the image. The user MUST tag the Creative Commons images with these licenses or it is a copyright infringement! So, a tag can look like this: Alfie Morton (CC BY-SA-NC 3.0) The more open a Creative Commons license is, the freer you are to use it for a variety of purposes.

WIKIPEDIA is great to search for Creative Commons Images Under Google Images, insert the phrase “Wikipedia” to get links to images hosted on Wikipedia. With notable exceptions, most images on Wikipedia are either Creative Commons licensed, or in the public domain.

BASED ON WHAT THE LICENSE SAYS, CAN WE: Let’s practice verifying this photo and tagging this picture with the appropriate Creative Commons License. BASED ON WHAT THE LICENSE SAYS, CAN WE: 1.) Create a PowerPoint with this? (hint: the PowerPoint is a derivative creation with the photo attached). 2.) Can I use this image to promote my owl curios at my Etsy shop? 3.) Do I really have to add a tag to the image?

FAIR USE: Rationale for using copyrighted images for a variety of educational purposes in which copyrights are not infringed. Fair use example: The McDonalds Golden Arches logo, which is instantly recognizable, but heavily copyrighted and protected. If one presents on the topic of fast food using McDonald’s as an example, the use of the logo is considered fair use if used in the interest of a broader topic.

How much “fair use” can I claim? Courts determine the extent of fair use by applying the PANE test: Purpose of use: what are the reasons for using the work? Amount of use: how much of the work is getting used? Nature of use: is the work suitable for the way it will be used? Effects of use: will this use affect the creator or their reputation? See Fair use checklist for more information.

CLAIM FAIR USE for: Corporate logos, products, or brands for illustration, educational or topical reasons. Be sure to put a copyright symbol along with the name of the corporation. Copyright symbol: ( + C + ) altogether, no pluses. © 2019 McDonald’s Corporation. Fair use. © 2019 Los Angeles Rams. Fair Use

Iconic and recognizable brands worthy of discussion, commentary and presentation. 2019 © Rolling Stones / Universal Music Group. Fair Use.

USE “FAIR USE” STUFF SPARINGLY!!! Claim fair use for other images or photos where discussion or commentary of a particularly copyrighted image or idea is impossible without it: Use low resolution and smaller images whenever possible. Use fair use imagery to the extent that it helps get your point across. Err on the side of caution and stick to Public Domain or Creative Commons images if you can help it.

FAIR USE practice Directions: with a partner or a group, research what these logos and brands represent. Google the brand +logo and follow the page to gather information about who / what company owns the logo / symbol / brand. Once you have the necessary information, create a tag using the copyright symbol {{( c ) }} , the company or name that own the brand / logo, and the phrase “fair use”.

FAIR USE QUIZ

Let’s Practice Putting Copyright tags on recognizable brands and Symbols