10월 20일 월요일 중간고사 (30%) 범위 = Lecture + 교과서 + Readings on KLAS 교과서 = 1장, 2장, 3장, 7장 Multiple choice questions (15 문항)+ Short ID questions (5 문항) + Short Analysis (1-2 문항) “어떤 종류의 사전도 사용 불가”  전자 영어사전도 사용 불가  영어 관련 질문은 교수와 조교에게 답안  우리말 또는 영어 모두 OK

Voting and Elections The minimum voting age in the great majority of countries is eighteen. What about Korea? National Election Commission in Korea http://www.nec.go.kr/nec_new2009/InsStatisticData.do?module=NEC&pc Voter registration varies from 42 percent in Switzerland, 58 percent in India and 66 percent in the USA, to 91 percent in Belgium, 92 percent in Iceland and 96 percent in Australia. It averages 75 percent in established democracies.

Theories of Voting How do people vote?

Theories of Voting I. Sociological Approaches (the Columbia School) Paul Lazarsfeld (1901-76), a sociologist at Columbia University People vote according to their membership of social groups class, religion, race, language, urban/rural, gender, generation, occupation

Theories of Voting II. Psychological Approaches (the Michigan School) Angus Campbell (1910-80) at the University of Michigan Psychological orientations and individual characteristics of voters (esp. the role of party identification) “Joe is a liberal, because his mom is a liberal.” Yet, the strength of party ID is fading in many western countries “Party Identification” in Korea: How does it work and why?

Theories of Voting III. Rational Choice Approaches Anthony Downs (1957): An Economic Theory of Democracy Citizens are rational and they vote on the basis of a calculation of which party is most likely to satisfy their own self-interested preferences Parties are like business competing for customers in the market place. They try to locate themselves and their policies close to the median voter. Median voter is in the middle of the distribution with equal numbers of voters to the left and right and is therefore a typical, middle-of-the voter.

Who Votes? Income and Education – High-income people vote more than the less affluent, and well-educated more than high school dropouts Race – Although much effort has been made to increase minority registration and voting, minority voting rates lower than majority rates Age – The under-25-year-olds feel less politically involved, and vote less

Who Votes? Gender – Men used to have higher turnout than women, but in recent elections women vote more than men (a reflection of women’s higher educational levels than before) Place of Residence – Cities have higher turnout than rural areas, partly due to urbanites’ higher education

“Voting Paradox” Question) “Why do some people NOT vote?” An individual citizen goes to the polls, if and only if p*B > C (* = multiplication) p = Probability that his or her vote will be decisive B = Benefits a voter derives from seeing his or her preferred candidate win C = the cost of voting (transportation etc)  costs from voting

“Voting Paradox” An individual citizen is willing to vote, if and only if p*B > C However, …. Because p is almost equal to zero, p*B is also almost equal to 0. But, C is always positive (there must be some costs for voting) According to the original specification, it is rational for people not to vote.  “Collective Action Problem of Voting”

“Voting Paradox” But, is this true in the real world? So, people won’t vote, because p*B = 0 < C But, is this true in the real world? People do vote and even some people are willing to sacrifice their lives for voting rights.  theory contradicts truth.  “voting paradox” Then, to correct this gap, “D term” was later introduced. p*B + D vs. C D = the utility one receives as a direct consequence of casting a ballot, then what could be your D term? Ex) civic duty, partisanship, emotion, issue, candidate, etc.