Science, Computing and Society Week 2 Computer Science 129 Science, Computing and Society Week 2

GRE/GMAT WORDS Ubiquitous - existing or being everywhere, esp. at the same time; Abstain – to refrain Audacious – Bold or daring Desiccated – to dry up Laudable – deserving praise, praiseworthy, commendable

GRE/GMAT WORDS Teleportation - the movement of objects or elementary particles from one place to another without traveling through space.

CHAPTER 1 1996 IBM Ad in Scientific American “Stand by. I’ll teleport you some goulash” “Margit is a little premature, but we’re working on it. An IBM scientist and his colleagues have discovered a way to make an object disintegrate in one place and reappear intact in another”

CHAPTER 1 IBM WAS NOT ACTUALLY TALKING ABOUT TRANSPORTING MATERIAL, MACROSCOPIC PARTICLES OR PEOPLE THEY WERE TALKING ABOUT QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM TELEPORTATION- NOT THE SAME THING AS HOLLYWOOD TELEPORTATION STAR TREK AND HOLLYWOOD TELEPORTATION– SUGGESTS THAT TELEPORTATION IS AN “INSTANTANEOUS” DISEMBODIED TRANSPORT EINSTEIN’S LAWS PROHIBIT “INTANTANEOUS” SENDING OF INFORMATION OR ANYTHING ELSE – TIME PASSES, EVEN IF IT IS ONLY AN INFINTESIMAL AMOUNT OF TIME PASSES (THIS DOES NOT APPLY TO QUANTUM PHYSICS AND HAS BECOME THE EPR PARADOX) NOT COMPLETELY CLEAR WHAT “TELEPORTATION” REALLY IS

CHAPTER 1 TO UNDERSTAND QUANTUM TELEPORTATION, WE MUST UNDERSTAND WHERE A QUANTUM OBJECT FALLS IN THE ORDER OF THE WORLD

CHAPTER 1 World made of matter Matter made of particles Particles made of molecules Molecules made of atoms Atoms made of sub atomic particles Sub atomic made of quantum particles

THE WONDERS OF MNEMONICS Mnemonics can help save time when memorizing something. Use this mnemonic or your own to memorize the table on the previous slide. There are 2 M’s but matter and molecules come in alphabetically so it is easy to remember. WILL MY PRINCESS MAKE A SWEET QUEEN

CHAPTER 1 TRANSPORTING QUANTUM PARTICLES NOT JUST LIKE FAX MACHINE OR TELEPHONE TRANSMITTING WAVES

CHAPTER 1 IS LIKE COPYING ORIGINAL AND STORING ITS INFORMATION THIS PROCESS DESTROYS ORIGINAL THEN, INFORMATION ON HOW IT IS PUT TOGETHER IS SENT TO ANOTHER LOCATION and THEN IT IS PUT TOGETHER AND WE HAVE TELEPORTATION

CHAPTER 1 SECRET TO TELEPORTATION IS NOT WHAT IS TRANSPORTED BUT THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE STRUCTURE TO BE TELEPORTED

CHAPTER 1 US NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH’S 3-D MODEL OF HUMAN BODY MILLIMETER ACCURACY IS 10 GIGABYTES OF INFORMATION THIS WAS A HUGE AMOUNT OF DATA AT THE TIME – BUT IT IS STILL NOT GOOD ENOUGH CONSIDER TRANSPORTING A BRAIN MILLIMETER ACCURACY NOT GOOD ENOUGH – COULD MEAN REAL PROBLEMS IN BRAIN OR NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1 WHAT YOU WOULD NEED IS ACCURACY AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL THIS WOULD REQUIRE A TRILLION TRILLION GIGABYTES THIS WOULD TAKE SEVERAL MILLION CENTURIES TO TRANSMIT FASTER TO WALK

CHAPTER 1 EVEN IF WE COULD TRANSMIT THAT MUCH DATA, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN COMPLETE ATOMIC INFORMATION THIS IS DUE TO HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE.

CHAPTER 1 HEISENBERGS UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE PROHIBITS PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF A PARTICLE’S MOTION AND LOCATION AT THE SAME TIME (THIS AMOUNTS TO A PARTICLES EXACT POSITION) THIS PRICIPLE IS THE CORNERSTONE OF QUANTUM MECHANICS ALL SOUNDS WELL AND GOOD BUT AT ATOMIC SCALE, IT IS NEVER POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN COMPLETE INFORMATION

CHAPTER 1 ALTHOUGH WE CAN NOT OBTAIN COMPLETE ATOMIC INFORMATION, WHAT IS POSSIBLE IS TO OBTAIN QUANTUM INFORMATION QUANTUM INFORMATION CAN BE GATHERED AND TELEPORTED

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM OBJECTS ARE WHAT WE CAN OBTAIN QUANTUM INFORMATION ABOUT TYPICAL QUANTUM OBJECTS – FUZZY ENTITIES – ARE PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP ATOMS

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM OBJECTS – EXAMPLES: PROTONS & NEUTRONS IN NUCLEUS AND ELECTRONS AROUND NUCLEUS PARTICLES OF LIGHT – CALLED PHOTONS SOMETIMES WHOLE ATOMS ACT LIKE QUANTUM OBJECTS

CHAPTER 1 THE WAY THESE QUANTUM OBJECT WORK IS STUDIED BY A BRANCH OF SCIENCE CALLED QUANTUM MECHANICS MECHANICS REFERS TO THE LAWS GOVERNING THE MOTION OF MATTER

CHAPTER 1 HOW TO VIEW QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE MONEY LIKE WATER LIKE TELEVISION

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE MONEY QUANTUM ENERGY COMES IN BUNDLES OF QUANTA LIKE MONEY IS MEASURED IN THE AMOUNT OF PENNIES

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE WATER PHOTONS (LIGHT PARTICLES) ACT LIKE BOTH PARTICLES AND WAVES WATER CAN BE HARD ICE OR WAVY LIQUID

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE TELEVISION QUANTUM OBJECTS FLUTTER AROUND UNTIL YOU OBSERVE THEM THEN THEY ASSUME A LOCATION (SUPER POSITION FROM THE DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT) TV SIGNALS RIDE ON WAVE FROM TRASMITTERS OR SATELLITES BUT YOU CAN’T SEE OR HEAR THEM UNTIL YOU TURN ON THE TV

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM INFORMATION INFORMATION CAN BE MEASURED AS BITS BITS = 0’s AND 1’s BUT QUANTUM INFORMATION IS LIKE A TOSSED COIN THAT HAS NOT LANDED

CHAPTER 1 ONCE QUANTUM INFORMATION IS OBSERVED, IT IS DESTROYED CAN’T MAKE A COPY OR CLONE A QUANTUM OBJECT BECAUSE THAT REQUIRES OBSERVING IT, WHICH DESTROYS IT

CHAPTER 1 TV TELEPORTATION ORIGINAL IS NOT LEFT BEHIND, IT MOVES FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER THERE IS NO COPY, JUST DISINTEGRATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF ORIGINAL APPEARS TO BE INSTANTANEOUS

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM TELEPORTATION ORIGINAL IS DESTROYED COPY OF INFORMATION IS MADE NOT INSTANTANEOUS

CHAPTER 1 QUANTUM TELEPORTATION TWIN-PHOTONS TWO PHOTONS THAT SHARE INFORMATION ABOUT EACHOTHER READ THE FOLLOWING WEBPAGES: http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/teleportation.htm 2 PHOTONS I KEEP ONE AND YOU KEEP ONE PUT ANOTHER ONE IN BOX WITH A AND MEASURE A AND C FAX INFO TO PERSON WITH B, THEY USE THAT INFO TO TRANSFORM B INTO AN EXACT REPLICA OF C – VOIALA – TELEPORTATION SCINCE C WAS MEASURED AND MIXED WITH TWIN A, IT IS DESTROYED ALL THAT IS LEFT IS COPY THAT OWNER OF B HAS

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY SENDING SECRET CODES ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS USED VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO SEND SECRET MESSAGES

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY JULIUS CAESAR USED ONE THAT SHIFTED LETTERS 3 PLACES IN THE ALPHABET (B WOULD BE REPRESENTED AS E, C AS F, ETC.)

CHAPTER 1 WHAT YOU NEED FOR MODERN CRYPTOGRAPHY: YOU MUST HAVE A KEY! AND A CODE RULE

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY A KEY CAN BE AS SIMPLE AS A STRING OF RANDOM DIGITS OF 0’S AND 1’S

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY ALICE AND BOB WANT TO COMMUNICATE CODE RULE: IF DIGIT IN MESSAGE MATCHES THE KEY, WRITE A 1. IF IT DOESN’T, WRITE A 0.

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY ALICE SENDS: 01001001 KEY SAYS: 01100111 BOB WRITES: 11010001 CAN ONLY USE A PARTICULAR AREA OF THE KEY ONCE!

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY PROBLEM – HOW TO EXCHANGE THE KEY? MEET FACE TO FACE – IDEAL IF WE MAIL IT, IT COULD BE INTERCEPTED

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY SOLUTION – QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY QUANTUM INFORMATION IS SPY PROOF

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY SEND PHOTONS ORIENTED IN ONE DIRECTION OR THE OTHER BY PASSING THEM THROUGH FILTERS VERTICAL PHOTON=1 HORIZONTAL PHOTON=0 RIGHT-TILTING=1 LEFT-TILTING=0 ALICE THEN SENDS PHOTONS THROUGH THE OPEN CHANNEL

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY IF ANYONE IS INTERCEPTING THE PHOTONS, IT WILL CAUSE AN INTERFERENCE THAT CAN BE DETECTED THEY WILL GET BUMPED INTO A POSITION WE ARE NOT USING SO WE WILL BE ALERTED. THEY CAN TAKE ALL OF THEM, EVERY THIRD ONE, ETC. ANY COMBINATION THEY WANT TO CREATE THE KEY.

CHAPTER 1 CRYPTOGRAPHY THEY CREATE THE KEY TOGETHER CREATE A VERY LONG KEY SO CAN BE USED FOR MORE THAN ONE MESSAGE. JUST CAN NOT RE-USE THE SAME PART OF A KEY MORE THAN ONCE.

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ITEM MADE UP OF WORLD WORLD MATTER PARTICLES MOLECULES ATOMS SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES QUANTUM PARTICLES

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW WHAT IS HEISENBERGS UNCERTAINTY PRICIPLE & HOW DOES IT AFFECT TELEPORTATION?

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW LIST SOME QUANTUM OBJECTS PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS PHOTONS SOMETIMES WHOLE ATOMS

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW HOW IS QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE MONEY WATER TELEVISION

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW HOW IS HOW HOLLYWOOD TELEPORTATION DIFFERENT FROM QUANTUM TELEPORTATION? 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3.

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW WHAT IS CRYPTOGRAPHY?

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW WHAT WAS JULIUS CAESAR’S SECRET CODE?

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW KNOW THE CODE RULE USED IN THE CLASS EXAMPLE AND BE ABLE TO INTERPRET A CODE IF GIVEN A CODE AND THE KEY. EX: CODE SENT: 01010100 KEY: 01001101 MESSAGE: ________

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW WHAT MAKES QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY SUPERIOR?