Cultural Anthropology Ethnography Ethnology Social Anthropology Linguistics

Ethnography (ethnos, a people+graphos, a writing) An attempt to give an accurate, objective, valid, reliable account of the way of life of a specific group of people. Laura Tamakoshi’s (above) work in New Guinea is another. This is the basic descriptive level of cultural anthropology. Participant Observation is major feature. Margaret Mead’s work with the Samoans is a good example. (Margaret Mead also worked in New Guinea.)

Ethnology (ethnos, people+logos, word) An attempt to give an accurate, objective, valid, reliable account of the way of life of a larger set of people. A higher level of generalization…. E.B. Tylor The Science of Culture. Ethnologists try to find patterns of behavior that are common to the various groups under investigation. The Comparative Method is an important tool. Cultural Universals…cultural traits manifest in some way in all cultures under study. religion kinship systems language

Social Anthropology Area of anthropology most like sociology. Differs mainly on areas of emphasis and the professional identification of the individual.

Social Anthropology Sociologists have been concerned mainly with own society. Social anthropologists have been concerned mainly with traditional society. Kinship and Descent

Social Anthropology Kinship and descent are Cultural Universals. Genealogical Space – Space that contains all human beings.

Social Anthropology Genealogical Space Descent Males Generation consanguineal Males Females Generation consanguineal Marriage affinal

Social Anthropology The investigation of kinship terminology begins with a distinction between kin types and kin terms. Kin types refer to the basic uncategorized relationships that anthropologists use to describe the actual contents of kinship categories. They are supposedly culture free, etic components. Kin terms are the labels for categories of kin that include one or more kin types. They are emic structures and vary across cultures.

Social Anthropology Kin Types Primary components and letter symbols Mother [M] Father [F] Sister [Z] Brother [B] Daughter [D] Son [S] Husband [H] Wife [W]

Social Anthropology

Social Anthropology

Social Anthropology Rules of Descent Bilineal (Bilateral) Unilineal Matrilineal Patrilineal

Social Anthropology Bilineal Eskimo Kinship Similar to “American” system

Social Anthropology Matrilineal

Social Anthropology Patrilineal

Social Anthropology Comparison of Patrilineal with Matrilineal Descent Patrilineal Matrilineal Strong marriage Brittle marriage Patrilocal residence Matrilocal residence Strict sex rules Lax sex rules No marriage rule X-cousin marriage Prescribed Proscribed

Social Anthropology Rules of Residence Neolocal Matrilocal Patrilocal Associated with bilineal descent Matrilocal Associated with matrilineal descent Patrilocal Associated with patrilineal descent Ambilocal Associated with bilineal descent

Endogamy - Marriage within group Exogamy - Marriage outside group Social Anthropology Forms of Marriage Rules of Marriage Monogamy Endogamy - Marriage within group One spouse Polygamy Exogamy - Marriage outside group Multiple spouses Polygyny Multiple wives Polyandry Multiple husbands

Social Anthropology Family relatives Four functions of families Extended families Nuclear families Four functions of families Nurturance Sex control Economic foundation Enculturation

Linguistics Study of Language Language is a system of vocal symbols by means of which human beings interact in terms of their culture.

Linguistics Study of Language The three S’s of language: !Kung No language uses all sounds humans can make. Phonology, Phonetics, Phonemics Sound Phonemes - “packets” of similar sounds recognized as same sound. Grammar; syntax - rules to put sounds together Shape Morpheme - basic unit of sound to which meaning has been attached. Morphology stydy of shape of language Sense All languages make sense to the people who use them…They are equal in this regard. Semantics - study of sense (meaning). Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Linguistics Chronemics Olfactics Haptics Kinesics Proxemics Oculesics In many other cultures, time is time is experienced polychronically rather than sequentially. Time in US is a sequence….a commodity to be spent, used, wasted…. The study of meanings, usage and communication of time. Chronemics Olfactics Concerned with systems of smell Communication through the skin….i.e. Touching by Ashley Montague Haptics Bodily movement, facial expression, etc. Ray Birdwhistell is pioneer Kinesics Proxemics Communication by use of space…. Edward T. Hall’s work, for example Oculesics Communication involving the eyes Includes paralanguage… It’s not what you say, it’s the way you say it. Metalanguage/Vocalics