The Early Cold War
Presidential Administrations 33. Harry S. Truman (D), 1945-1953 34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (R), 1953-1961 35. John F. Kennedy (D), 1961-1963 36. Lyndon B. Johnson (D), 1963-1968 37. Richard M. Nixon (R), 1968-1974 38. Gerald Ford (R), 1974-1976 39. Jimmy Carter (D), 1977-1981 40. Ronald Reagan (R), 1981-1989 41. George H. W. Bush (R), 1989- 1993 42. Bill Clinton (D), 1993-2001 43. George W. Bush (R), 2001- Present
US-Soviet Relations to 1945 Russian Revolution 1917 Red Scare 1919 Americans in Siberia during the Russian Civil War
US-Soviet Relations to 1945 Allies in WWII – sort of… Where’s the second front?!? What are you doing in Eastern Europe?!?
United Nations Created Formed 1945 at San Francisco and Dumbarton Oaks General Assembly: all members Security Council (some w/ veto power): USSR, GB, France, USA, China (+ others) Intended to promote peace, but served as forum of East-West antagonism
Other Cooperation/failure to Soviet Union did not participate in World Bank Did participate in Nuremburg trials of Nazi leaders
Soviet Satellites Soviets were invaded twice in in only three decades = needed buffer zone for protection Soviets manipulate elections in Eastern European countries to allow friendly communists to take control US & UK object to interference
Germany Divided West Federal Republic of Germany East German Democratic Republic Austria divided too
“Iron Curtain” Speech March 5, 1946 at Fulton, Missouri
Soviets Continue On… Refuse to cooperate w/joint economic policy in Germany, install communist government in their zone Pressure Turkey for joint control of the Straits Aid Communists in Greek civil war
US Responds Truman Doctrine – 1947 Marshall Plan Policy of containment = stop spread of communism Marshall Plan Economic aid for east and west East not allowed/refuses aid Meant as support of Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan Tractor Tractor supplied to a French family under the Marshall Plan, Ca 1950
Cold War Alliances NATO Warsaw Pact Non-Aligned
US Security Policy National Security Act (1947) created: Department of Defense National Security Council to coordinate foreign policy Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Form alliances w/ non-communist countries, build up military Selective Service System (1948)
Occupied Berlin
The Berlin Crisis The Berlin Blockade The Berlin Airlift Cold War is on!
Post WWII Asia Japan Philippines New parliamentary democracy becomes US ally Philippines Gains independence US maintains military bases in both countries
Civil War in China Two Chinas The Blame Game… who lost China? Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist US ally Mao Zedong Communist
The Korean War Occupation of Korea post at end of WWII Truman vs. MacArthur The Korean War Occupation of Korea post at end of WWII US intervention in Korea Communist Chinese intervention in Korea Armistice 1953
Domestic Issue, but… The Second Red Scare Security & Civil Rights Loyalty probes of government officials McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) Unlawful to advocate totalitarian government Restricted employment and travel of communists
The Second Red Scare Security & Civil Rights House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Dalton Trumbo (Hollywood Ten) blacklisted
The Second Red Scare Espionage Cases Alger Hiss (& Whittaker Chambers) Then Congressman Nixon
The Second Red Scare Espionage Cases Klaus Fuchs Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
The Second Red Scare Joseph McCarthy’s “Witch hunt” You've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency? Televised! Joseph McCarthy’s “Witch hunt” Claims of communists working for State Department Army-McCarthy hearings McCarthy’s downfall