Chapter Nine Consciousness

Question You would be groggy and confused if you were awakened in which of the following stages of sleep? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Answer Choice d is correct. Stage 4 is the deepest stage of slow-wave sleep (the term used for stages 3 and 4). It is quite difficult to be awakened during Stage 4 sleep. If awakened, a person is likely to be groggy, confused, and “out of it.” (Chapter 9, Stages of Sleep section)

Question Which of the following is a sleep disorder that involves a person who stops breathing hundreds of times each night? Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep apnea Somnambulism Note from Kelly: the d) distracter should be changed to an actual term in the text, as it is not in the book.

Answer Choice c is correct. Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which people briefly but repeatedly stop breathing during the night. Sufferers typically feel tired in the morning and tend to show impaired attention and learning ability. (Chapter 9, Sleep Disorders section)

Question Which of the following brain areas appears to act as the “master switch” or controller of circadian sleep rhythms? Suprachiasmatic nuclei Cerebellum Locus coeruleus Superior colliculus

Answer Choice a is correct. The suprachiasmatic nuclei act as a “master switch” to promote sleep. If damaged, sleep may be nearly impossible. (Chapter 9, Why Do People Sleep? section)

Question Which of the following is a biological explanation for dreams? Freud’s psychodynamic theory Watson’s behavioral inhibition theory Activation-synthesis theory All of the above are biological explanations

Answer Choice c is correct. Activation-synthesis theory posits that dreams are caused by hindbrain arousal during REM sleep (activation) and cortical processing (synthesis) of these messages from the hindbrain. (Chapter 9, Dreams and Dreaming section)

Question Your roommate now drinks six beers per day to get the effect that he used to get drinking two beers per day. Your roommate is showing evidence of ___________. withdrawal tolerance psychological dependence none of the above

Answer Choice b is correct. Tolerance is a condition in which increasingly larger drug doses are required to produce the same effect that used to be produced with smaller drug doses. (Chapter 9, The Varying Effects of Drugs section)

Question Alcohol is classified as a __________. depressant stimulant opiate hallucinogen

Answer Choice a is correct. Alcohol is a depressant. It reduces or depresses central nervous system activity, partly by increasing activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. (Chapter 9, Depressants section)

Question Which of the following is NOT an example of a stimulant? Amphetamines Cocaine Marijuana MDMA (ecstasy)

Answer Choice c is correct. Marijuana is classified as a hallucinogen. Amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA are all classified as stimulants. (Chapter 9, Stimulants section)