The Northwest, 1870-80.

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Presentation transcript:

The Northwest, 1870-80

The modoc War (1872-73)

The Modoc War (1872-73) Modocs placed on reservation with unfriendly tribe Returned to Lost River country under Kintpuash (Captain Jack) Fighting broke out during negotiations for tribe to return

The Modoc War (1872-73) Modacs retreated to Lava Bed at Tule Lake Natural fortress Four engagements over six months Army suffers heavy casualties despite superior numbers and weaponry

The Modoc War (1872-73) Negotiations end in tragedy Gen. Canby and Reverend Thomas killed while unarmed Reinforcements led to Modac surrender Captain Jack and other leaders executed

Nez Perce War (1877) Historically friendly tribe Nez Perce Reservation created across three states Settlers invade territory due to rumors of gold Gov’t called for removal to Lapwai Reservation in Idaho Chief Joseph and followers refused Irresponsible actions on both sides led to war

Nez Perce War (1877)

Nez Perce War (1877) 1300 mile chase across Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming Interrupted by sharp engagements NAs used terrain expertly Army used supply chains; NAs lived off of land Avoided large scale battles

Nez Perce War (1877) Reasons for Nez Perce defeat: Women and children slowed travel Superior strength and weapons of Americans Telegraph alerts troops along line of flight Heavy casualties on both sides eventually force Chief Joseph to surrender

The Southwest, 1870-80

Apache Wars Massive zone of operations; effective warriors and cavalry Few in number, but tied down Army over extended amount of time Fighting with Chief Cochise  1861-1872 Treaty created new reservation until 1876 Apache also faced conflicts with Mexican army as well

Apache Wars Many Apache tribes relocated to San Carlos Reservation Terrible living conditions Apaches turn to raiding Fighting breaks out against Apache leaders such as Geronimo and Victorio across Arizona Geronimo escapes from reservation three times Surrender eventually negotiated in 1886, though small raids continued into early 20th century

George Crook Commander of Department of Arizona Used mobile strike forces and Indian scouts against Apache Supported NA rights outside of the battlefield Negotiated Geronimo’s surrender in 1886 Failed at last minute

Emblem of 501st Parachute Infantry