TAML Degradation of Food Dye By: Massimo Adams Grade 9 Pittsburgh Central Catholic

Problem Water systems are polluted with: Antibiotics Pharmaceuticals (Estrogen, etc.) Mercury Sulfur Sewage Fertilizers Organics Cleaning projects Dyes and other colored agents

Problem(Continued) The clothing industry is the 2nd largest polluter in the world Dye Houses are dumping untreated wastewater into streams and rivers Dyes get into water systems and add unwanted toxins and colors to the water

Food Dye non-toxic dye Studies have shown colors affect taste For this reason companies add colors to enhance dining experience non-toxic dye Chosen because Easy to obtain Serves as simple model of environmental color effluent problems

Green Chemistry Chemistry designed to perform the same jobs as regular chemistry without the environmental hazards. Prevents pollution at the molecular level Reduces the negative impacts of chemical projects Lessons and sometimes eliminates hazard from existing products and processes

TAML GREEN catalyst engineered by Dr. Terry Collins at CMU Accelerates H2O2 oxidation reaction Highly selective Made of common elements (C, H, O, N, Fe) Economical Easy to synthesize

TAML(Continued) Low working concentrations Degrades quickly Produces non-toxic byproducts Practical uses include: Textile dye bleaching Pulp and paper bleaching Water cleaning Laundry stain remover Petroleum refining Rapid destruction of bio-chem warfare

Hydrogen Peroxide Pale blue liquid Used as disinfectant, antiseptic, and oxidizer Works with TAML in oxidation chemistry processes Weak acid Is the ideal green reagent: Nontoxic Inexpensive Disposable

TAML and Hydrogen Peroxide Work together to clean water TAML catalyzes peroxide reaction Has been extensively tested and has effectively degraded numerous chemical pollutants Fast Acting

Purpose To determine if TAML and Hydrogen Peroxide are effective at degrading food dye in water

Hypotheses Null- The TAML and Hydrogen Peroxide will not significantly degrade the food dye Alternative - The TAML and Hydrogen Peroxide will significantly degrade the food dye

Materials Science Kit Educator Spectrophotometer TAML – Older Version(2007) Super Active TAML (2017) Hydrogen Peroxide 60 13x100 mm borosilicate culture test tubes Blue food coloring Red food coloring Macropipette Micropipette Tap Water Test tube rack Pipette tips 15mL conical tubes

Procedure A Red and Blue stock solution was made by diluting 0.1mL of food dye and 9.9mL of water into a 15mL conical

Procedure(Continued) The following ingredients were added to 13x100 mm borosilicate culture test tubes Control H2O2 Only Super Active TAML and H2O2 TAML and H2O2 Food Coloring Stock Solution 5mL 10mM 0mL 0.1mL TAML 20mM 0.2mL Water 0.3mL

Procedure(Continued) A reading of the absorbance at 600 nanometers was take for the blue dye at 0 min, 1 min, 5 min, and 10 min A reading of the absorbance at 500 nanometers was take for the red dye at 0 min, 1 min, 5 min, and 10 min

Dunnett Test (Red) 0min 1min 5min 10min 1-2 Hydrogen peroxide 1-3 Groups Compared 0min 1min 5min 10min 1-2 Hydrogen peroxide Not significant Significant 1-3 Super Active TAML 1-4 TAML Not Significant

Dunnett Test (Blue) 0min 1min 5min 10min 1-2 Hydrogen Peroxide 1-3 Groups Compared 0min 1min 5min 10min 1-2 Hydrogen Peroxide Not significant Significant 1-3 Super Active TAML 1-4 TAML Not Significant Not

Conclusion Null hypothesis rejected Dunnetts’ Test show that TAML/ Peroxide did significantly degrade the color of dye in water TAML affected color degradation The super active TAML took less time to degrade the food dye than the regular TAML

Limitations Limitations: TAML is not designed for food coloring Did not test the quality of the water only the absorbance Limited range of TAML and Peroxide concentrations Limited initial concentrations of food dye Limited analyze time Unknown identities of the degradation products

Extensions Extensions: Test more colors Test more concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and TAML More replicates Use dyes that more problematic in the environment Use various types of dyes Examine toxicity of breakdown products

References “Basics of Green Chemistry.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 21 Mar. 2017, www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/basics-green-chemistry.   “Food Coloring.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Dec. 2018, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_coloring. “Hydrogen Peroxide.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Dec. 2018, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide. Kaye, Leon. “Clothing to Dye for: the Textile Sector Must Confront Water Risks.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 12 Aug. 2013, www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/dyeing-textile-sector-water-risks- adidas 

References(Continued) Kundu, Soumen, et al. “TAML Activator/Peroxide-Catalyzed Facile Oxidative Degradation of the Persistent Explosives Trinitrotoluene and Trinitrobenzene in Micellar Solutions.” ACS Publications, 15 Apr. 2013, pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es4000627#/doi/abs/10.1021/es4000627.   Laird , Amy P. “Catalysts Developed at CMU Remove Toxic Chemical from Water.” Formative vs Summative Assessment - Eberly Center - Carnegie Mellon University, 9 Aug. 2017, www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2017/august/bpa-catalysts.html. Shen, Longzhu Q. “Experimental and Theoretical Studies of TAML® Activators : Pharmaceuticals Degradation, Nuclear Tunneling and Electronic Structure Analysis.” Figshare, Figshare, 1 July 2018, figshare.com/articles/Experimental_and_Theoretical_Studies_of_TAML_Activators_Phar maceuticals_Degradation_Nuclear_Tunneling_and_Electronic_Structure_Analysis/671654 3. Sweeny, Glynis. “It's the Second Dirtiest Thing in the World - And You're Wearing It.” Alternet, 20 Aug. 2015, www.alternet.org/2015/08/its-second-dirtiest-thing-world-and- youre-wearing-it/.

Anova(Red) Red 0-10 Just TAML 0-10

Anova(Blue) Blue 0-10 Just TAML 0-10