Claudine S. Bonder, Lisa M. Ebert  Kidney International 

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Fos-icking for control of angiogenesis: increasing the longevity of peritoneal dialysis  Claudine S. Bonder, Lisa M. Ebert  Kidney International  Volume 84, Issue 6, Pages 1065-1067 (December 2013) DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.306 Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Peritoneal dialysis is subject to repeated incidents of peritonitis. During these bouts of inflammation, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are upregulated, causing increases in c-Fos, which associates with c-Jun to form the transcription factor AP-1. The promoter region of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) contains AP-1 binding sites, and increased release of VEGF from mesothelial cells promotes angiogenesis of the peritoneum. Thickening of the peritoneum significantly inhibits the dialysis of peritoneal fluid, ultimately leading to ultrafiltration failure. Kidney International 2013 84, 1065-1067DOI: (10.1038/ki.2013.306) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions