Jamil P. Bhanji, Mauricio R. Delgado Neuron

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Perceived Control Influences Neural Responses to Setbacks and Promotes Persistence Jamil P. Bhanji, Mauricio R. Delgado Neuron Volume 83, Issue 6, Pages 1369-1375 (September 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.012 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Persistence after Setbacks Task (A) Initial path choice (2 s), (B) respond to an obstacle cue (2 s), (C) experience a setback (2 s), and (D) choose to persist (or not) on the previously chosen path (2 s). Interstimulus intervals (2/4/6 s) occurred between each event. Neuron 2014 83, 1369-1375DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.012) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Neural Regions Modulated by Setback Controllability (A) Regions displaying greater decreases in activity for controllable compared to uncontrollable setbacks (p < 0.05, corrected [TFCE], top image at y = 10, bottom image at x = −2). (B) Ventral striatum and VMPFC signal change (SEM). L, left; R, right; UNC, uncontrollable; CON, controllable; VS, ventral striatum. Neuron 2014 83, 1369-1375DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.012) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Ventral Striatum Response to Controllable Setbacks Relates to Persistence Individual percent signal change in ventral striatum in relation to behavioral persistence (controllable, low alternative value condition). Neuron 2014 83, 1369-1375DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.012) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 VMPFC Mediates the Relationship between Setback-Related Negative Affect and Persistence (A and B) Individual VMPFC signal change for uncontrollable setbacks (low alternative value) in relation to (A) negative affective intensity and (B) persistence. (C) Path a: effect of negative affective intensity on VMPFC; path b: effect of VMPFC on persistence, controlling for negative affective intensity; path c: total effect of negative affective intensity on persistence; and path c’: direct effect of negative affective intensity on persistence, controlling for VMPFC. Path coefficients are unstandardized to indicate change expected (in units of the outcome) for a 1 unit change in the predictor (i.e., 1 point on the affect scale or 1% VMPFC signal change). ∗p < 0.05. Neuron 2014 83, 1369-1375DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.012) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions