Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000–15  Brian Wahl, PhD, Prof Katherine L O'Brien, MD, Adena Greenbaum, MD, Anwesha Majumder, MHS, Li Liu, PhD, Yue Chu, MSPH, Ivana Lukšić, MD, Prof Harish Nair, PhD, David A McAllister, MD, Prof Harry Campbell, MD, Prof Igor Rudan, MD, Prof Robert Black, MD, Maria Deloria Knoll, PhD  The Lancet Global Health  Volume 6, Issue 7, Pages e744-e757 (July 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30247-X Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Pathogen-specific pneumonia, meningitis, and NPNM morbidity and mortality conceptual models MCEE=Maternal and Child Epidemiology Estimation. NPNM=non-pneumonia, non-meningitis. CFR=case–fatality ratio. *See Methods for description of vaccine adjustments. †Pneumococcal NPNM cases are stratified by severe and non-severe cases. ‡We assumed non-severe pneumococcal NPNM cases to have a 0% CFR; all pneumococcal NPNM deaths are assumed to be severe. The Lancet Global Health 2018 6, e744-e757DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30247-X) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Deaths due to pneumococcus and Hib in children aged 1–59 months Pneumococcal and Hib deaths in children aged 1–59 months from 2000 to 2015 are HIV-negative deaths only. WHO/UNICEF vaccine coverage estimates have been adjusted to represent the proportion of children aged 1–59 months that received PCV and Hib vaccine. Vertical bars denote uncertainty intervals. Pneumococcus=Streptococcus pneumoniae. Hib=Haemophilus influenzae type b. The Lancet Global Health 2018 6, e744-e757DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30247-X) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Country-specific mortality rates and deaths attributable to pneumococcus in 2015 Mortality rates and deaths in children aged 1–59 months are HIV-negative deaths only. Mortality rates are deaths per 100 000 children aged 1–59 months. Pneumococcus=Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Lancet Global Health 2018 6, e744-e757DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30247-X) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Country-specific mortality rates and deaths attributable to Hib in 2015 Mortality rates and deaths in children aged 1–59 months are HIV-negative deaths only. Mortality rates are deaths per 100 000 children aged 1–59 months. Hib=Haemophilus influenzae type b. The Lancet Global Health 2018 6, e744-e757DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30247-X) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions