Chapter 3 – States of Matter www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases Definite Shape Definite Volume Particles vibrate in fixed positions Particles have low kinetic energy www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Liquids Variable shape (takes the shape of the container) Definite Volume Particles can move around each other Particles have medium Kinetic Energy www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Gases Variable shape Variable volume (fills all space in a container) Particles move about freely Particles have high Kinetic Energy www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Bose-Einstein Condensate Plasma Exists only at extremely high temperatures 99% of the matter in the UNIVERSE is plasma Stars are plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate Exists only at extremely low temperatures Groups of atoms behave as a single particle www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Kinetic Theory Kinetic energy = energy an object has due to its motion The faster an object is moving; the greater its kinetic energy. Kinetic theory states that all particles of matter are in constant motion. ** View animation on visual concepts CD www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

3.2 The Gas Laws Pressure = the result of force distributed over an area More Collisions=More Pressure In a closed container, gases exert pressure when the particles of the gas collide with the walls of the container. www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Factors That Affect Gas Pressure Temperature – raising temp. will increase pressure if volume of gas and # of particles are kept constant Inc. in temp.  part. move faster  part. collide with walls more frequently  increased pressure www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Volume – Decreasing volume of a gas causes an increase in pressure if the temp. and # of part. are constant Decrease in vol.  less space  particles collide with walls more often  inc. pressure www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Number of particles – increasing the number of particles of a gas will increase pressure if temp. and volume are constant Inc. # of particles  particles collide with container more often  inc. pressure www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Gas Laws Charles’ Law – volume of a gas is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to temperature Inc. Temp. x2  Inc. Vol. x2 V1 = V2 T1 T2 www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Boyle’s Law – volume of a gas is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to pressure Inc. Vol. x2  Dec. pressure by ½ P1V1 = P2V2 www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

The Combined Gas Law – relates temperature, volume and pressure of a gas. P1V1 = P2V2 T1 T2 www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

3.3 Phase Changes Phase change – reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another Temperature of a substance DOES NOT CHANGE during a phase change. Energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change. Endothermic – energy is absorbed Exothermic – energy is released www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Melting and Freezing Melting Solid changes to liquid Particles absorb energy (endothermic) Particles become less orderly www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Freezing Liquid changes to solid Particles release energy (exothermic) Particles become more orderly www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Vaporization and Condensation Liquid changes into a gas Particles absorb energy (endothermic) Particles become LESS orderly and more free to move 2 types of vaporization Evaporation – takes place at the surface of a liquid Boiling – occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Condensation Gas changes to a liquid Particles release or lose energy (exothermic) Particles become MORE orderly www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Sublimation and Deposition Changing from a solid directly to a gas Energy is absorbed (endothermic) Deposition Changing from a gas directly to a solid Energy is released (exothermic) www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt

Phase Change Diagram www.nlsd.k12.oh.us/userfiles/61/Classes/1811/StatesofMatter.ppt