Chapter 4 Atoms.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 4 Atoms

The Development of Atomic Theory

Democritus (400 B.C.) Proposed that matter was composed of tiny indivisible particles Not based on experimental data Greek: atomos

John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1. Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2. Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different. 3. Atoms of different elements combine together in simple proportions to create a compound. 4. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged, but not changed.

John Dalton (1808) British Schoolteacher Billiard Ball Model based his theory on others’ experimental data Billiard Ball Model atom is a uniform, solid sphere

J. J. Thomson (1897) Discovered Electrons negative particles within the atom Cathode Ray Tube Experiments beam of negative particles

Cathode Ray Tube Experiment http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Media_Assets/Chapter02/Text_Images/FG02_03.JPG

J. J. Thomson (1897) Plum-pudding Model positive sphere (pudding) with negative electrons (plums) dispersed throughout

Ernest Rutherford (1911) Discovered the nucleus Gold Foil Experiment dense, positive charge in the center of the atom Gold Foil Experiment

Ernest Rutherford (1911) Planetary Model dense, positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons daviddarling.info

Niels Bohr (1913) Energy Levels electrons can only exist in specific energy states

Niels Bohr (1913) Shell Model electrons move in circular orbits within specific energy levels http://duch.sd57.bc.ca/~rmcleod/Chemists_Corner/Bohr_Alk_Earths_files/Magnesium.jpg

Erwin Schrödinger (1926) Electron cloud Quantum mechanics orbital: region around the nucleus where e- are likely to be found Quantum mechanics Mathematical equations

dots represent probability of finding an e- not actual electrons Erwin Schrödinger (1926) Electron Cloud Model dots represent probability of finding an e- not actual electrons

James Chadwick (1932) Discovered neutrons neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom

revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear Model James Chadwick (1932) Neutron Model revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear Model

Parts of positive and negative charges