Topic 5.3 – Classification and Biodiversity

The binomial nomenclature is a system for naming organisms that was developed by the Swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700’s. It is an international system of naming where an organism’s name consists of its genus and species. The genus is always capitalized and the name is written in italics. Examples: Homo sapiens, Canis lupus, Escherichiaa coli, Bellis perennis, Panthera pardis, Lutra lutra 5.5.1 – Outline the binomial system of nomenclature 5.5.1

All organisms are classified into three domains: (Remember, viruses are not classified as living) 5.5.1 – Outline the binomial system of nomenclature 5.5.1

Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda 5.5.2 Organisms are organized into seven hierarchal levels of taxa, from most shared characteristics to least shared. King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda 5.5.2 – List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using an examples from two different kingdoms for each level. 5.5.2

5.5.2 – List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using an examples from two different kingdoms for each level. 5.5.2

5.5.2 TAXA EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2 Kingdom Animalia Plantae Phlyum Chordata Angiospermophyta Class Mammalia Monoccotyledoneae Order Carnivora Palmales Family Caridae Arecaceae Genus Canis Phoenix Species lupus dactylifera 5.5.2 – List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using an examples from two different kingdoms for each level. 5.5.2

Which of these are more closely related? Carcharhinus melanopterus Black-tip reef shark Triaenodon obesus White-tip reef shark Carcharhinus perezi Caribbean reef shark 5.5.2 – List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using an examples from two different kingdoms for each level. 5.5.2

Which of these are more closely related? Canis lupus familiaris Canis rufus Canis lupus langier 5.5.2 – List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using an examples from two different kingdoms for each level. 5.5.2

5.5.3 Classification of plants Kingdom Plantae Non-Vascular Plants (small, with no conductive tissues) e.g. chlorophytes (algae) and bryophytes (mosses) Vascular Plants (have conductive tissues) Spermatophyta (produce seeds) Filicinophya (alternating life cycle) e.g. ferns Coniferophyta (have cones) e.g. pines Angiospermophytes (flowering plants) Gymnospermophytes (naked seeds – cones) e.g. pines, cycads, gingko 5.5.3 – Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. Monocotyledons (one seed-leaf) e.g. grasses, grains, orchids Dicotyledons (two seed-leaves) e.g. roses, magnolia, ginger 5.5.3

Bryophytes are small, terrestrial plants that have no roots, leaves or stems. They have leaf-like structures and live in clusters. Includes mosses and algae. Filicinophytes are ferns that have true leaves. They have an underground creeping system and reproduce using spores. New leaves unroll when mature. 5.5.3 – Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. 5.5.3

Coniferophytes are coniferous woody plants that typically have needles Coniferophytes are coniferous woody plants that typically have needles. They produce seeds that are found in hard cones. Usually have one single large trunk. Angiospermophytes are flowering plants that have leaf blades and stalks. Their seeds usually become fruit. 5.5.3 – Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. 5.5.3

Which is which? 5.5.3 – Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. 5.5.3

External Recognition Features Phlya Roots, Leaves & Stems Reproduction Bryophyta No roots or stem, no true leaves. Furry appearance Spores released from capsule at end of stalk. Filicinophyta Roots, leaves and short stems. Non-woody. Leaves divided into sections and may be curled. Spores produced from capsules under leaves. Coniferophyta Woody trees, have pine needles for leaves Seeds develop in female cones. Angiospermophtya Roots, stems and, leaves. Produce flowers. Seeds dispersed through fruits. 5.5.3 – Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. 5.5.3

External Recognition Features Phlya Roots, Leaves & Stems Reproduction Bryophyta No roots or stem, no true leaves. Furry appearance Spores released from capsule at end of stalk. Filicinophyta Roots, leaves and short stems. Non-woody. Leaves divided into sections and may be curled. Spores produced from capsules under leaves. Coniferophyta Woody trees, have pine needles for leaves Seeds develop in female cones. Angiospermophtya Roots, stems and, leaves. Produce flowers. Seeds dispersed through fruits. 5.5.3 – Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. 5.5.3

Invertebrates of the Animal kingdom can also be identified by their physical external features. The six phyla you should recognize are: Porifera Platyhelminthes Cnidaria Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda 5.5.4 – Distinguish between the following phyla of animals using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. 5.5.4

Porifera are sponges that have a primitive body Porifera are sponges that have a primitive body. They live in water and are non-motile. They don’t have a mouth, but filter water that they pump through their bodies. Cnidaria include jellyfish and sea anenomes. They have stinging cells and radial symmetry. There is one opening to their gastro-vascular cavity. 5.5.4 – Distinguish between the following phyla of animals using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. 5.5.4

5.5.4 Phlya Symmetry Digestive Tract Segmentation Other Porifera none no mouth / anus porous, attached to rocks Cnidaria radial mouth, no anus tentacles around mouth Platyhellminthes bilateral ribbon-shaped body Annelida mouth & anus very segmented may have bristles Mollusca not visible many have shell Arthropoda segmented exoskeleton, appendages 5.5.4 – Distinguish between the following phyla of animals using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. 5.5.4

Platyhelminthes are flatworms, which have a soft and flattened body Platyhelminthes are flatworms, which have a soft and flattened body. They have bilateral symmetry and one opening to their gastro-vascular cavity. They live in water and are often parasitic. Annelida include worms and leaches, with ring-like segments. They have a mouth and anus, live in watery environments and have no legs. Bristles help them move. 5.5.4 – Distinguish between the following phyla of animals using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. 5.5.4

5.5.4 Phlya Symmetry Digestive Tract Segmentation Other Porifera none no mouth / anus porous, attached to rocks Cnidaria radial mouth, no anus tentacles around mouth Platyhellminthes bilateral ribbon-shaped body Annelida mouth & anus very segmented may have bristles Mollusca not visible many have shell Arthropoda segmented exoskeleton, appendages 5.5.4 – Distinguish between the following phyla of animals using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. 5.5.4

Mollusca include snails, squids, clams and slugs Mollusca include snails, squids, clams and slugs. They have soft, unsegmented bodied and sometimes have a shell for protection. Arthropoda have jointed legs and an exoskeleton made of chitin. Their bodies are segmented, each of which has appendages. They are free-living and sometimes are parasitic. 5.5.4 – Distinguish between the following phyla of animals using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. 5.5.4

5.5.4 Phlya Symmetry Digestive Tract Segmentation Other Porifera none no mouth / anus porous, attached to rocks Cnidaria radial mouth, no anus tentacles around mouth Platyhellminthes bilateral ribbon-shaped body Annelida mouth & anus very segmented may have bristles Mollusca not visible many have shell Arthropoda segmented exoskeleton, appendages 5.5.4 – Distinguish between the following phyla of animals using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. 5.5.4

5.5.4 Phlya Symmetry Digestive Tract Segmentation Other Porifera none no mouth / anus porous, attached to rocks Cnidaria radial mouth, no anus tentacles around mouth Platyhellminthes bilateral ribbon-shaped body Annelida mouth & anus very segmented may have bristles Mollusca not visible many have shell Arthropoda segmented exoskeleton, appendages 5.5.4 – Distinguish between the following phyla of animals using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. 5.5.4

Dichotomous keys are used to determine the identity of various organisms based on observable features. It is made up dichotomous (pairs) questions. For example, for a given set of organisms: Does it have feathers? Yes go to Q2 No go to Q3 Does it swim? Yes Duck No Hen Does it have legs? Yes Lizard No Snake 5.5.5 – Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms. A dichotomous key should be used. 5.5.5

5.5.5 Is it symmetrical? Yes go to Q2 No Phylum Porifera Symmetry is… Radial Phylum Cnidaria Bilateral go to Q3 Gastric tube… Mouth & Anus to to Q4 Mouth, no anus Phylum Platyhelminthes Segmentation… Yes go to Q5 No, or not visible Phlum Mollusca Exoskeleton? Yes Phylum Arthropoda No Phlum Annelida 5.5.5 – Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms. A dichotomous key should be used. 5.5.5

5.5.5 – Apply and design a dichotomous key for up to eight organisms. 5.5.5 – Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms. A dichotomous key should be used. 5.5.5