An Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

Definitions Anatomy Physiology the study of the names of the structures in the human body Physiology the study of the functions of body parts

Variation in Human Structure Anatomy books can only teach you the most common structure No 2 humans are exactly alike Examples Some people completely lack certain organs Most have 2 kidneys Situs inversus http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_inversus

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Definitions Metabolism Chemical and physical changes in the body Controls all body functions Homeostasis Maintaining a steady state, or stable internal environment Maintained by feedback loops Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Positive Feedback Loop Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Negative Feedback Loop Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Levels of Organization FG01_04.JPG Title: Levels of Organization Notes: Using the heart as an example, this figure outlines the levels of organization that comprise an organism. Organization is as follows: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism. Keywords: levels of organization, atoms, complex molecule, fibers, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Chemical Level Atom Smallest unit of a specific substance Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Chemical Level Molecule 2 or more atoms bonded together Can be extremely complex Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Cells Cell Structural and functional unit of an organism Sizes vary Cardiac Muscle Cells http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/MuscleCardiacCells.gif Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Tissues Tissue Group of cells having the same function Cardiac Muscle Tissue Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Organs Organ Groups of different tissues Special functions Heart Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Organ Systems Organ system Groups of organs working together Cardiovascular System Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Organism Organism A living thing Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Early Anatomists Aristotle Andreus Vesalius One of the earliest to write about anatomy Andreus Vesalius Pioneer of modern anatomy Published the first atlas of anatomy

The Discovery of Microscopic Anatomy Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) Invented a microscope capable of visualizing single cells Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703) Developed the first practical compound microscope Observed “cells” Microscopes were improved in the 19th century Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist) - cell theory

The Nature of Human Life – What is Life? Organization Cellular composition Metabolism Excitability Homeostasis Growth Reproduction Evolution Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

The Nature of Human Life – What Is a Human? Primate characteristics 4 upper and lower incisors A pair of clavicles Only 2 mammary glands Forward-facing eyes with stereoscopic vision Flat nails Opposable thumbs Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

The Nature of Human Life – What is a Human? Hominid Characteristics Large brains Complex speech Tool making Bipedalism http://enrollment.rochester.edu/admissions/academics/medicine.shtm

Survey of the Human Body Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Integumentary System FG01_06A.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (a) Integumentary system (skin). Keywords: integumentary system, skin, hair, epidermis, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, subcutaneous layer Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Skeletal System FG01_06B.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (b) Skeletal system. Keywords: skeletal system, bones, cartilages, ligaments, axial, appendicular, bone marrow Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Muscular System FG01_06C.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (c) Muscular system. Keywords: muscular system, skeletal muscles, axial muscles, appendicular muscles, tendons, aponeuroses Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Nervous System FG01_06D.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (d) Nervous system. Keywords: nervous system, central nervous system, CNS, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, PNS, autonomic nervous system, ANS Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Endocrine System FG01_06E.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (e) Endocrine system. Keywords: endocrine system, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, heart, digestive tract, testes, ovaries, pineal gland Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Cardiovascular System FG01_06F.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (f) Cardiovascular system. Keywords: cardiovascular system, heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Lymphatic System FG01_06G.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (g) Lymphatic system. Keywords: lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels lymph nodes, spleen, thymus Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Respiratory System FG01_06H.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (h) Respiratory system. Keywords: respiratory system, nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Digestive System FG01_06I.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (i) Digestive system. Keywords: digestive system, mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, anus Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Urinary System FG01_06J.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (j) Urinary system. Keywords: urinary system, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Male Reproductive System FG01_06K.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (k) Male reproductive system. Keywords: male reproductive system, testes, accessory organs, epididymis, ductus deferens, semina vesicles, prostate, external genitalia, penis scrotum Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Female Reproductive System FG01_06L.JPG Title: The Organ Systems of the Human Body Notes: (l) Female reproductive system. Keywords: female reproductive system, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, clitoris, labia, mammary glands Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

The Language of Anatomy Descriptive Terms Used in Superficial Anatomy Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Anatomical Position Standing Facing forward Palms forward Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Directional Terms FG01_10.JPG Title: Directional References Notes: Important directional references used in figures are indicated by arrows; (a) Anterior view. (b) Lateral view. Keywords: directional references, anterior view, superior, cranial, proximal, medial, lateral, caudal, distal, inferior, lateral view, superior, cranial, posterior, dorsal, anterior, ventral, caudal, inferior Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Body Cavities Body is divided into cavities that contain organs Body cavities have membranes that line the cavity themselves as well as cover the organs. Visceral and parietal The space between the two is filled with fluid. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Pericardial Cavity FG01_14B.JPG Title: Body Cavities Notes: Many vital organs are suspended in either the dorsal or ventral body cavity. (a)Lateral view. (b)The heart projects into the pericardial cavity. (c)Anterior view of ventral body cavity. (d)Sectional view of the thoracic cavity. Keywords: lateral view, dorsal, ventral, skull, vertebral column, diaphragm, thoracic, abdominopelvic, pelvic, peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity, spinal, pericardium, pleural cavity, mediastinum Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Brain Spinal cord Ventral cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Separated by diaphragm Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001