APHG FRQs Potential for 2017-18

Unit 1: Geography Basics None specific to Unit 1 Potential Topics? Scale Technology/Geographic tools/data collection Map projections Types of regions/use of regions/regionalization Distance decay/friction of distance Gravity model (role in services, cities, migration, cultural diffusion) Cultural ecology Cultural landscape Maps – types, basics Spatial analysis/perspective Geography as a field of study

Unit 2: Population & Migration Last in 2017 (NIR in Sub-Saharan Africa) Potential Topics? Illegal immigration Epidemiology/disease Demographic Transition – factors influencing stages; historical growth & decline Density/types/meaning/impact Relationship of population to provision of services (health, school, infrastructure, housing, utilities, etc.) Push/Pull factors Regional migration within U.S. (westward expansion, north to south/west, Great Migration of African Americans) Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Population policies (pronatalist, one-child, anti-natalist, etc.) Population clusters vs. sparsely inhabited regions Migration policies (increase, restrict, etc.)

Unit 3: Culture Last in 2015 & 2016 (English as Lingua Franca & Bilingualism/Canada) Potential Topics? Diffusion (types, reasons, impacts, pros/cons, role of transportation & economic/political/social connections) Globalization of culture, cultural imperialism Uniform landscape Taboos Ethnic conflicts/ethnic cleansing Distribution of languages, organization of languages (family, etc.) Global distribution of religion Role of religion in conflict Gender inequality/changing gender roles Cultural extinction, acculturation, assimilation Culture traits Ethnic vs. universalizing religions Pop vs. folk culture

Unit 4: Political Geo. Last in 2017 (Federal vs. Unitary) Potential Topics? Shapes of states/sizes of states Colonialism/Imperialism – impacts, purpose Terrorism Geopolitical theories Multiethnic, multinational states Boundary disputes/conflicts; competition for territory Law of the Sea; sea territory disputes Devolution, Balkanization Irredentism Characteristics of a state; challenges with defining a state; partial recognition

Unit 5: Agriculture & Rural Land Use Last in 2016 (Subsistence vs. Commercial) Potential Topics? Sustainable agriculture & Organic agriculture Desertification, loss of soil quality, soil salinization, use of chemicals, environmental impacts, etc. Food security; Strategies for increasing food supply Lack of water in arid/semiarid regions; depletion of water GMOs, biotechnology, aquaculture, feedlots, animal steroids, etc. (concerns, pros/cons) Change from subsistence to commercial Plantation agriculture Development & diffusion of agriculture (hearths, advancements, Columbian exchange, etc.) Role of climate, soil, water, etc. & role of humans/technology Second Agricultural Revolution (w/ Industrial Revolution); mechanization of agriculture Pros & cons of Green Revolution Intensive vs. Extensive agriculture Agribusiness – characteristics, development, technologies, impacts Rural settlements (patterns, development, characteristics) Fair trade, “Eat Local,” & Organic agriculture influences on food production & consumption Impact on food production & consumption by changing role of women

Unit 6: Industry & Development Last in 2016 (Sectors of Economy) Potential Topics? Sustainable development (UN – Brundtland Report, Millennium Goals) Resource issues Self-sufficiency vs. international trade Emerging economies, newly industrialized countries Neo-colonialism Offshore financial services Basic & non-basic industries Deindustrialization (regional such as Rust Belt, global) Regional relocation of industry (within U.S., Europe, etc.) Beginnings & impacts of Industrial Revolution (economy, agriculture, urbanization, population growth, migration, colonialism etc.) Measures of economic development (HDI, GNI, GDP, IMR, NIR, literacy, healthcare, etc.) Development of core, semi-periphery, & periphery (Wallerstein) Complementarity, comparative advantages International trade, economic globalization, trade blocs (NAFTA, OPEC, EU, etc.) Production increasing in LDCs, consumption in MDCs Outsourcing Ecotourism

Unit 7: Cities & Urban Land Use Last in 2017 (New Urbanism) Potential Topics? Central Place Theory Rationale for city location Factors in urbanization Development of ancient and medieval cities Pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial city changes Factors in development of world cities Edge cities, peripheral model/galactic city model Urban models (esp. Multiple-Nuclei, Latin American, SE Asian, Sub-Saharan African) Suburbanization, sprawl, smart growth Ghettoization/inner-city problems & decay/deterioration/filtering Redevelopment of inner-city/gentrification Strategies to reduce autos/pollution within cities; public transportation Growth of megacities in LDCs Role of infrastructure (utilities, roads, airports, etc.) Residential & commercial density, zoning ordinances, urban land use Urban fragmentation European/world cities vs. American cities