Figure 3 Preventive strategies for CSA-AKI Figure 3 | Preventive strategies for CSA-AKI. The prevention of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) relies on the identification of high-risk patients using three strategies: analysis of biomarkers, assessment of clinical risk factors and identification of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors. In addition, adherence to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) treatment guidelines10 might reduce the risk of AKI. Wang, Y. & Bellomo, R. (2017) Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: risk factors, pathophysiology and treatment Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.119