Common Substances Essential to Living Things 1.3 Common Substances Essential to Living Things

A. Organic vs. Inorganic organic compounds are large complex molecules made up of carbon with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen inorganic compounds are substances that do not contain carbon (except carbon oxides like carbon dioxide and carbonate compounds) slide 1 of 10

B. Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients nutrients are elements and compounds that are needed for organisms to live, grow and reproduce macronutrients are the 9 nutrients that are needed by organisms in large amounts… C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca micronutrients are substances needed in trace (very small) amounts by organisms eg) selenium slide 2 of 10

C. Nutrient Levels sometimes too much nutrient can interfere with the absorption of other nutrients eg) K can interfere with the absorption of Mg in farmer’s crops the optimum amount is the amount of a substance that provides the best health for the organism too much or too little of any nutrient can have harmful side effects slide 3 of 10

D. Carbohydrates carbohydrates are organic compounds that are made up of C, H and O these atoms form simple carbohydrates called sugars sugars can then be linked together in complex molecules like starch, cellulose and glycogen slide 4 of 10

found in foods like rice, pasta, bread, fruit, potatoes carbohydrates are our main source of energy however excess carbs are turned into fat slide 5 of 10

E. Lipids lipids are organic compounds made up of C, H and O which are arranged into chains of fatty acids slide 6 of 10

both plants and animals make lipids found in fats and oils like butter, lard, canola oil and in many foods such as nuts, meat, chocolate, peanut butter etc. both plants and animals make lipids slide 7 of 10

F. Proteins amino acids are small organic molecules made up of C, H, O and N 40 to 500 amino acids are linked together in chains to form different proteins slide 8 of 10

found in meat, eggs, fish, dairy products, tofu used by organisms for growth and repair of body tissues and to make enzymes and hormones found in meat, eggs, fish, dairy products, tofu slide 9 of 10

G. Nucleic Acids nucleic acids are organic compounds made up of C, H, O and N they are molecules of ribose sugars and phosphates nucleic acids are the building blocks of DNA and RNA they are the most complicated molecules found in living things slide 10 of 10

How Organisms Take in Substances 1.4 How Organisms Take in Substances

A. Plants there are 3 ways for plants to get water and nutrients: 1.     diffusion 2.     osmosis 3.     active transport   slide 1 of 10

Diffusion diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration slide 2 of 10

it is a passive process which means no extra energy is needed nutrients in the soil (higher concentration) will diffuse into the roots (lower concentration) slide 3 of 10

Osmosis osmosis is the diffusion of water water will move from the soil (higher concentration) into the roots (lower concentration) H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O no extra energy is needed H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O slide 4 of 10

Active Transport active transport is the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration energy is needed!!! nitrogen is actively moved from the soil (lower concentration) into the roots of the plant (higher concentration) slide 5 of 10

movement from low to high concentration root movement from low to high concentration slide 6 of 10

B. Animals ingestion is the process of taking in food food is broken down physically (chewing) and chemically (mixture with enzymes) large organic molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler particles by hydrolysis slide 7 of 10

nutrients are then absorbed into our bloodstream which carries the nutrients to all cells in the body slide 8 of 10

C. Substrates a substrate is a material on which an organism lives, moves or feeds some organisms live on a substrate eg) barnacles on rock some organisms feed on a substrate eg) cheese mould slide 9 of 10

some substrates are rich in nutrients eg) loam soil some are poor in nutrients eg) snow – red algae can survive on it slide 10 of 10