Psychology Chapter 6: Body and Behavior

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Psychology Chapter 6: Body and Behavior

The Nervous System: The Basic Structure How the nervous system works It never rests Controls our emotions, movements, thinking and behavior It is divided into 2 parts (Figure 6.1) Central Nervous System (CNS) Consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Smaller Branches of nerves that reach other parts of the body from the spinal cord (thickness of a pencil) Take information from the organs to the CNS and from the CNS back to the organs Each is protected by something Brain by the skull and several layers of sheathing Spinal cord by the vertebrae Peripheral nerves by layers of sheathing

The Nervous System cont. Neurons (Figure 6.2) Photos and video Nerves are long, thin cells called neurons Messages travel along these Neurons can fire (or transmit signals) hundreds of times a minute Neurons have three basic parts The cell body Contains the nucleus and produces the energy needed to fuel neuron activity Dendrites Short, thin fibers that stick out from the cell body and receive impulses from other neurons and send them to the cell body Axons Long fiber that carries the impulses away from the cell body toward the dendrites of the next neuron Other structures Myelin Sheath – white, fatty substance insulates and protects the axon If it is destroyed, behavior of the person can be erratic and uncoordinated (as in MS) Speeds the transmission of impulses Axon terminals – branch out from the end of the axon, they are positioned directly opposite of the dendrite.

Neuron Diagram

Connection between Neurons Neuron connection (Figure 6.3) Synapse – the space between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.

Neurons/Synapse cont. Synapse: This is the junction or connection between neurons Neurons transmit impulses or messages across this space using neurotransmitters c) Neurotransmitters – are chemicals that either excite the next neuron or stop it from transmitting There are different types of neurotransmitters Norepinephrine – involved in memory or learning Endorphin – inhibits pain Acetylocholine – involved in movement and memory (associated with paralysis and Alzheimer’s) Dopamine – involved in learning, emotional arousal and movement (too much is associated with schizophrenia and too little with Parkinson’s) Serotonin (an undersupply linked with a lack of norepinephrine is associated with depression)

Nervous System cont. Voluntary and Involuntary Activities Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – refers to the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary activities Body making a response to impulses from the nerves like turning a page in a book Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – refers to the part of nervous system that controls involuntary activities, or those that occur automatically Your heartbeat, breathing, stomach activity Has two parts Sympathetic nervous system – prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activities Speeds up the heart to hasten the supply of blood and nutrients to body tissues Parasympathetic nervous system – works to conserve energy and to enhance the body’s ability to recover from strenuous activity Reduces heart rate and blood pressure to bring the body back to its resting state

Nervous System Diagram Section 1 Review

Studying the Brain

Studying the Brain cont. The Brain is composed of 3 parts The Hindbrain Located at the rear base of the skull Involved in the most basic processes of life Includes: The cerebellum The medulla The pons

Studying the Brain cont. 2. The Midbrain Integrates sensory information Alerts the rest of the brain to incoming signals and is involved in the sleep/wake cycle

Studying the Brain Cont… 3. The Forebrain All information from the senses, minus smell, come through the thalamus Controls: hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, reaction to temperature Higher level thinking processes Ability to learn and store complex and abstract information; project thinking into the future See, read and understand Regulates emotions and motivations Includes: Thalamus Cerebral Cortex Cerebrum Limbric System Hypothalamus, amygdala (violent emotions and fear), thalamus and hippocampus (memory)

Studying the Brain cont. Lobes of the Brain Cerebrum is split into 2 sides or hemispheres Connected by the corpus callosum

Studying the Brain cont. 2. Occipital Lobe Where visual signals are processed Damage may cause visual impairment 3. Parietal Lobe Receives and deals with information from all the senses 4. Temporal Lobe Concerns: hearing, memory, emotion and thinking 5. Frontal Lobe Concerned with organization, planning and creative thinking 6. Somatosensory Cortex Receives information from the touch sensors 7. Motor Cortex Sends information to control body movement

Studying the Brain cont. The Hemispheres Each work together to compliment and help each other Corpus callosum carries information back and forth between the hemispheres and the lobes (each of the 4 lobes are present in both hemispheres) 3. Left Hemisphere Controls movement on the right side of the body Where speech is located (in most people) Specialized for mathematical ability, calculation and logic 4. Right Hemisphere Controls the left side of the body Adept at visual and spatial relations Perceptual tasks Recognizing patterns (music and art) Creativity and intuition

Studying the Brain cont. Split Brain Operations Usually done to those with severe seizures 2. Cuts the corpus callosum Lowers the severity and number of seizures Information cannot cross into other spheres Person with a split brain can hold a ball in their right hand and say it was a ball, but not holding it in their left hand. Shows how unique and the specialize functions and skills of each hemisphere Remained practically unchanged in intelligence, emotion and personality

Studying the Brain cont. How do Psychologists study the brain? 1. Recording Putting electrodes into the brain to record electrical activity EEG – electroencephalograph. Millions and millions of neurons can be studied at one time with an EEG attached to the scalp Shows brain waves which show the amount of neural activity 2. Stimulation Fires off neurons by electricity Can show what areas of the brain do Memories Songs Smells 3. Lesions Cutting or destroying areas of healthy brain tissue and studying the results 4. Accidents Studying the results of accidents and medical issues Phineas Gage Coma patients Traumatic head injuries

Studying the Brain cont. 5. Images CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) scans Transfers the amount of radiation absorbed by the density of brain tissue into a 3 dimensional view of the brain PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans Shows the absence or presence state of activity in an area of the brain through radioactive dye MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Ability to study both activity and brain structure Uses both CAT and PET scanning capabilities fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) New, can see the blow flow into active areas to determine activity and functionality Section 2 Review

The Endocrine System Endocrine system – sends chemical messages to and from the brain 1. Chemical messages used to send are called hormones Produced by the glands and send by blood and other bodily fluids Once in the blood stream, they can only be received by the specific organs that they can influence Ductless, they don’t need pores or ducts (small holes) to release to an organ (sweat glands, tear glands, salivary glands) Various effects on behavior and moods Growth of organs, muscles and bones 2. Pituitary Gland Directed by the hypothalamus Secretes a large number of hormones, many of which control the output of other hormones Corrects imbalances of hormones in the body Keeps metabolism in check despite outside influences Control growth and reproduction

The Endocrine System cont. 3. Thyroid Gland Produces thyroxine Stimulates chemical reactions for all tissues Too little, people feel lazy; too much people lose weight, sleep too much and are overactive 4. Adrenal Gland Become active when someone is angry or frightened Release Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nor adrenaline) Speed up heart rate and breathing; heighten emotion; extra energy Secret cortical steroids Help muscle develop and cause the liver to release stored sugar for extra energy in emergencies

The Endocrine System cont. 5. Sex Glands 2 Types Testes – male Produce sperm and testosterone (sex hormone) Ovaries – females Produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone Testosterone Important to physical development of males during the prenatal and adolescence periods Prenatal – helps decide the sex of the fetus Adolescence – development of bone and muscle, male sex characteristics Estrogen and progesterone Development of the female sex characteristics Regulate the reproductive cycle Variances of the hormones cause the symptoms of PMS 6. Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters Difference When the chemical is released right beside a cell to excite or inhibit it, it is a neurotransmitter When a chemical is released into the blood, it is a hormone Section 3 Review

Heredity and the Environment 1. Is human behavior instinctive (due to heredity) or learned (environment) Heredity is the genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring 2. Nature vs. Nurture a. Genes and behavior Reproduced and passed onto children Occur through their role in building and modifying the physical structures of the body b. Twin studies Identical twins – develop from the same single, fertilized egg, thus sharing the same genes Fraternal twins – develop from 2 fertilized eggs, not more similar genes than brothers or sisters One study showed that twins growing up apart from one another showed similar behaviors, despite different socials, cultural and economic backgrounds Suggests heredity may contribute to behaviors once thought more environment in nature It is possible though to alter the environment that genes operate in thus changes these “hereditary” ideas

Heredity and the Environment Section 4 Review Chapter 6 Study Guide Chapter 6 Review Quiz Chapter 6 Test