Tracking Eye Movements of Students Solving Kinematics Equations Nick Oderio August 1st, 2013 KSU REU 2013-PER

Theoretical Framework The Multimedia Principle-people learn better from words and pictures than from words alone The Split-Attention Principle-people learn more deeply when words (written or narrated) and pictures are spatially and temporally integrated in a presentation. The Modality Principle-people learn better when pictures are accompanied by narration than when they are accompanied by written text Mayer 117-59

Research Design

10 (0,0) 120 t (s) v(t) (m/s) 20 vf x(t) (m) The motion of an object along a straight horizontal path is shown by the graphs below. Determine the velocity of the object at 10 seconds. 10 (0,0) 120 t (s) v(t) (m/s) 20 vf x(t) (m)

x(t) (m) (0,0) 200 t (s) 40 10 v(t) (m/s) 25 vf The motion of an object along a straight horizontal path is shown by the graphs below. Determine the velocity of the object at 10 seconds. x(t) (m) (0,0) 200 t (s) 40 10 v(t) (m/s) 25 vf Displacement is equal to the area under the (v-t) graph. Area under the (v-t) graph = Area of triangle + Area of rectangle  Area = ½ (base)(height) + (base)(height) = ½ (10) (25 - vf ) + (10) (vf) Displacement, x = 200 m – 40 m = 160 m from (x-t) graph. 3) Equate the answer of (1) and (2) to get vf =7.0 m/s .

= Find area under the (a-t) graph 5 t (s) (0,0) v(t) (m/s) 30 The motion of an object along a straight horizontal path is shown by the graphs below. Determine the displacement of the object. Find area under the (a-t) graph 5 t (s) (0,0) v(t) (m/s) 30 a (t) (m/s2) 10 50 200 vf Area = Area of Pink Rectangle + Area of Brown Rectangle Area = 5(30)+5(10) Change in velocity, v = vf – 50 m/s Area = 200 m/s Change in velocity from (v-t) graph = Area under the (a-t) graph vf – 50 m/s = 200 m/s vf = 250 m/s

Eye Movement Data

Eye Movement Data Output Lines in File Lines Read Start Time (s) End Time (s) Recorded Time (s) # Fix Found Dwell Time (s) Avg Fix Duration (s) Avg Saccade Length (px) 15619 3480 51 109 58 133 33.871 0.254669 236.256 Area # Fix in Area % Dwell Time % Image Dwell Area of AOI (px^2) % Total Area % of Image Space % Dwell/% Area % Dwell Image/% Image Space 1 126 0.257294 32.419 95.7131 100 745472 60.6667 1.57769 2 38 0.299842 11.394 33.6394 35.1461 180264 14.6699 24.1812 2.29309 1.45345 3 40 0.234025 9.361 27.6372 28.875 190414 15.4959 25.5427 1.78351 1.13046 4 9 0.262333 2.361 6.97056 7.28277 25254 2.05518 3.38765 3.39171 2.1498 5 0.239333 0.718 2.11981 2.21475 18038 1.46794 2.41968 1.44407 0.915309

Correctness Data Analysis Chi Squared Test Shows whether or not there is a significant difference in students’ performance between any two problems If p < 0.05 then the difference is significant If the difference is significant, then we look at the “Cramer v” Higher values for v mean a more significant change Example: Pb(1-5) Χ2 (1, 88) = 6.984, p = 0.016, v = 0.282

Correctness Data * * * * = significant difference when compared to respective initial problem

Correctness Data * = significant difference

Future Work Completely analyze and interpret eye movement data There is improvement over time from the initial static problem Integrate eye movement data with correctness data

My Sincere Thanks To. . . Dr. Sanjay Rebello Elise Agra (graduate student) Dr. Neelam Khan (visiting professor) Amy Rouinfar (graduate student) Dr. Kristan Corwin Dr. Larry Weaver

Work Cited Mayer, R. E. The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning. New York, NY: Cambridge Univ Pr, 2005. 117-59. Print.