A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist attenuates neurological deficits following spinal cord ischemia in rats Hyunchang Kim, MD,

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A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist attenuates neurological deficits following spinal cord ischemia in rats Hyunchang Kim, MD, Jinyoung Hwang, MD, PhD, Sanghon Park, MD, PhD, Sahngun Francis Nahm, MD, PhD, Sungwon Min, MD, PhD, Cheong Lim, MD, PhD, Kayhyun Park, MD, PhD, Sunghee Han, MD, PhD Journal of Vascular Surgery Volume 59, Issue 4, Pages 1084-1089 (April 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.04.047 Copyright © 2014 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Motor deficit index (MDI). Group C, Animals received normal saline before ischemia; group pioglitazone (PIO), animals received pioglitazone before ischemia; group Sham, animals received saline before sham surgery. MDI measured 8 (a), 24 (b), and 48 (c) hours postreperfusion. At each time point, MDI was significantly different among the groups (P < .0001, each); group PIO exhibited significantly lower MDI than group C (P < .001, at each time point). Group Sham showed no neurological abnormality. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2014 59, 1084-1089DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2013.04.047) Copyright © 2014 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Number of normal motor neurons. Data are expressed as medians with interquartile ranges. Group C, animals received normal saline before ischemia; group pioglitazone (PIO), animals received pioglitazone before ischemia; group Sham, animals received saline before sham surgery. The number of normal motor neurons was significantly different among the groups (P = .0019). Groups PIO and C exhibited a lower number of motor neurons compared with group Sham (P = .0090, each). Group PIO exhibited a significantly greater number of motor neurons compared with group C (P = .0090). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2014 59, 1084-1089DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2013.04.047) Copyright © 2014 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (iba-1) immunohistochemistry. a, Number of activated microglia was significantly different among the groups (P = .0018). Group pioglitazone (PIO) showed a significantly lower number of activated microglia than group C (P = .0090). Group sham exhibited very few activated microglia. Data are expressed as medians with interquartile ranges. b, Representative photographs of each group (magnification, ×200). b-1, Group C presented dense iba-1 immunostaining. A large number of highly activated microglia, characterized by dense thick processes or ameboid shapes is evident; b-2, Group PIO. Compared with group C, group PIO presented with fewer activated microglia and morphologic features of a less-activated form; b-3, Group sham showed fewer microglia, which were mostly in a ramified or quiescent form. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2014 59, 1084-1089DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2013.04.047) Copyright © 2014 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Spinal cord tissue malonydialdehyde (MDA) level. MDA levels differed among the three groups (P = .0015). Group pioglitazone (PIO) showed a significantly reduced MDA level compared with group C (P = .0090). However, the MDA level of group PIO was significantly higher than that of group sham (P =.0071). Data are expressed as medians with interquartile ranges. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2014 59, 1084-1089DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2013.04.047) Copyright © 2014 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions