Starter: Self-Report Describe the words on the cards without using the words. Note any terms of which you are unsure.

Revision: Test Your Knowledge experimental research methods. Complete the multiple-choice questions on experimental research methods.

Mark Your Answers Highlight/note any incorrect answers. Use this information to plan areas that you need to review/revise.

Key Words Peer review Single-blind review Double-blind review Open review Publication bias

Page 3 What is Peer Review? Peer review is the process by which psychological research papers are subjected to independent scrutiny by other psychologists who work in a similar field (their peers). This is done before publication so that the research can be considered in terms of its validity, significance and originality and so that all research that is published is of a high quality. Page 3

The Peer Review Process

1 2 3 Peer Review: Main Aims Published research is valid/high quality Assessing universities Allocating research funding Peer Review: Main Aims

Ways of doing peer review: Double blind – researcher and reviewer are anonymous Open review – researcher and reviewer are known Single blind – reviewer is anonymous

Fraudulent Research: ‘The Burt Affair’ Published research from studies of identical twins. Argued that IQ was largely inherited and that children should be tested and segregated according to ability level. Burt’s research helped establish the 11-plus examination, along with the grammar school/secondary modern system. FRAUD It is now generally accepted that Burt invented data and lied about other aspects of his research. Cyril Burt

Finished? Complete the exam practice on page 5. Create a Card Sort Read about peer review In pairs, create an answer card for each of the questions about peer review. Leave any questions that you can’t answer blank. Cut out your answers cards. Swap with another pair and complete the card sort – match answers to questions. In another colour, add to the answers in any way you can and complete any blank cards. Sort the cards into two piles: ideas you’re happy with and ideas you’re less sure about. Finished? Complete the exam practice on page 5.

Extended Writing Questions: AO3 – Analysis and evaluation Design A Study AO2 – Application AO3 – Analysis and evaluation 12, 9 (8?) marks

Read the mark scheme – what should the answer include? Example Question The psychologist focused on fluency in spoken communication in her study. Other research has investigated sex differences in non-verbal behaviours such as body language and gestures. Design an observation study to investigate sex differences in non-verbal behaviour of males and females when they are giving a presentation to an audience. In your answer you should provide details of: - the task for the participants. the behavioural categories to be used and how the data will be recorded. how reliability of the data collection might be established. ethical issues to be considered. [12 marks] Read the mark scheme – what should the answer include?

Marks for this question AO2-12 Level Marks Description 4 10-12 Suggestions are generally well detailed and practical, showing sound understanding of observational techniques. All four elements are present. There is sufficient information for most aspects of the study to be implemented with success. The answer is clear and coherent. Specialist terminology is used effectively. Minor detail and/or explanation sometimes lacking. 3 7-9 Suggestions are mostly sensible and practical, showing some understanding of observational techniques. At least three elements are present. Implementation of some aspects is possible. The answer is mostly clear and well organised. Specialist terminology is mostly used effectively. 2 4-6 Some suggestions are appropriate but others are impractical or inadequately explained. At least two elements are addressed. Implementation would be difficult based on the information given. The answer lacks clarity, accuracy and organisation on occasions. 1 1-3 At least one element is addressed but knowledge of observational techniques is limited. Implementation would be very difficult. The whole answer lacks clarity, has many inaccuracies and is poorly organised. No relevant content. Marks for this question AO2-12

Plan your answer … Needs detail - the study should be fully replicable 4 elements to be credited: task, behavioural categories (and how recorded), reliability and ethical issues. Choices need to be justified. Needs to be ethical

In pairs/small groups, plan an answer to the following: Over to you: In pairs/small groups, plan an answer to the following: Now, individually, write an answer.

Plenary Questions Bronze questions Silver questions Gold questions Define ‘peer review’ Explain how anonymity can be a strength and weakness of the peer review process Explain how peer reviewing is beneficial to science. Explain the difference between a single-blind, double-blind review and open review Explain how publication bias is a limitation of the peer review process What consequences would there be if peer reviewing did not take place? Describe the peer review process Other than anonymity and publication bias, explain one weakness of the peer review process Explain how the process of peer reviewing is an attempt to guard against fraud in Psychology Describe the aims of peer reviewing Explain the strengths and limitations of the single-blind, double-blind and open review