BIOLOGY EOC REPORTING CATEGORY : 2

DNA DOUBLE HELIX 6 A - R BASE PAIR RULE A = ____ C = ____ T G

DNA Structure and Function 6A - R MONOMERS

6B - S GENETIC CODE = the order of the nucleotide bases of a gene for a particular trait/protein

DNA REPLICATION Occurs in the __ phase of the cell cycle Occurs in the ____ of the cell Ensures every cell has the ______ DNA S nucleus same

TRANSCRIPTION DNA to mRNA Occurs in the ________ of the cell 6C - S DNA to mRNA Occurs in the ________ of the cell DNA cannot leave the ______ RNA can fit through nuclear _______ mRNA goes to the ______ Which process is next? ______________ nucleus nucleus pores ribosomes translation

6C - S Serine UCU = AAA = Lysine DNA =AAT RNA= UUA

6C - S Translation

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS at the Ribosomes 6 C - S *mRNA codons match with the ________ on tRNA *Occurs at the _______ *Amino acids will bond with ______ to form a polypeptide or _______ anticodons ribosomes Peptide bonds proteins

6 C - S PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein Gene Expression 6D - S Protein Gene Expression Proteins control the traits Genotype (gene combination you get from parents) Phenotype (physical trait displayed) EXAMPLE: GENOTYPE= EE PHENOTYPE= three eyes

OCCUR WHEN THE GENES OR ALLELES OF THE DNA ARE CHANGED 6E - R MUTATIONS: OCCUR WHEN THE GENES OR ALLELES OF THE DNA ARE CHANGED insertion substitution

GENETICS AND PREDICTIONS 6 F - R GENETICS AND PREDICTIONS Scientists us probability to predict traits in offspring. A Punnett Square organizes information in order to make genetic predictions. B B b B b B b b B b B b

Punnett Squares Genotype of parents (Yy x yy) 6 F - R Punnett Squares Genotype of parents (Yy x yy) Phenotype of parents (green & yellow) Homozygous Dominant (YY) Homozygous Recessive (yy) Heterozygous (Yy) Genotype of offspring (2 Yy, 2 yy) Phenotype of offspring ( 2 yellow, 2 green)

Punnett Squares are used to organize allele information (meiosis) and predict the outcome of the offspring. 6F - R PUREBRED CROSS MONOHYBRID CROSS DI-HYBRID CROSS

Punnett Squares Codominance Incomplete Dominance 6F - R Codominance (when 2 dominant alleles are both expressed) Incomplete Dominance (when 2 dominant alleles blend – neither is dominant over the other)

BLOOD TYPE ALLELES CO-DOMINANCE

Linked Genes and Crossing Over 6 F - R Linked Genes are located in the same chromosomes and do not sort independently Chromosomes sometimes cross over during meiosis, resulting in recombination of alleles. CROSSING -OVER Leads to Genetic Variation

SEX- LINKED TRAITS EX. - HEMOPHILIA

Predictions and PEDIGREES 6F - R Predictions and PEDIGREES

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Meiosis Division of the body cells into reproductive cells or _______ 6 G - S Division of the body cells into reproductive cells or _______ From diploid cells to ____ cells Human Diploid # = ____ (body cells) Human Haploid #= ____ (sex cells) ____ is when two gametes joined to make a zygote gametes haploid 46 23 Fertilization

HUMAN KARYOTYPE –chart that displays the chromosome pairs of a body cell 6H - S XY = male XX = female

NON-DISJUNCTION OF CHROMOSOME PAIRS Notice chromosome pair 21 has one extra chromosome caused by non-disjunction. This is known as trisomy. The disorder it causes is Down Syndrome.

GENOME = the mapping of genes on chromosomes

6H - S BIOTECHNOLOGY DNA ELECTROPHORESIS