Hardware Organization

Four hardware components Outline Four hardware components Processor Main memory Peripherals (I/O devices) Connections (buses) Suggested reading 1.4~1.6

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Hardware Organization Buses Carry bytes of information back and forth between the components Word(4 bytes, 8 bytes) I/O devices Keyboard, Mouse Display Disk driver (long-term storage device) Controller, adapter

Hardware Organization Main Memory Temporary storage device Holds both a program and the data while the processor is executing the program Physically, it is a collection of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) chips Logically, it is a linear array of bytes with unique address starting at 0

Central Processing Unit (processor) Interprets instructions in the memory Program counter Point to instruction currently been executed Register file Small storage device A collection of word-size registers Each register has its unique name ALU Arithmetic/Logic Unit Computes new data and address values

Central Processing Unit (processor) Load Memory to Register Store Register to Memory Update Register(s) to register I/O Read I/O device to register I/O Write Register to I/O device Jump Extract a word from the instruction and copy it to PC

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Cache & Memory Hierarchy Processor-memory gap Hierarchical Smaller, Faster, Costlier L1 cache (several thousand of bytes) L2 cache (hundreds of thousands of bytes) Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

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