Empowerment in measurement: “muscle,” “voice,” and subjective quality of life as a gold standard 1  Margaret Brown, PhD, Wayne A Gordon, PhD  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  Volume 85, Pages 13-20 (April 2004) DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.08.110

Fig 1 Probability that constructs selected for measurement are important to outsiders (O) and to measured insiders (I) on a 4-point continuum representing different approaches to selecting constructs and variables. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 13-20DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.08.110)

Fig 2 Probability that measures of variables reflect the values of measured insiders (I) and reflect the interests of outsiders/researchers (O) on a 4-point continuum representing objective (point 1) and subjective (points 2–4) measures. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 13-20DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.08.110)