Cigarette smoking is associated with abnormal histone-to-protamine transition in human sperm  Bolan Yu, Ph.D., Yanbin Qi, B.S., Dan Liu, B.S., Xingcheng Gao, Ph.D., Hui Chen, B.S., Chuan Bai, Ph.D., Zhaofeng Huang, Ph.D.  Fertility and Sterility  Volume 101, Issue 1, Pages 51-57.e1 (January 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.001 Copyright © 2014 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The relative SP1 to SP2 mRNA ratios in human sperm and in TM3 cells. (A) Columns show the percentage of sperm cells with elevated histone-to-protamine ratios in nonsmokers and heavy smokers. Subjects were divided into a high abnormality group and a low abnormality group. *P<.05 compared with the high group of nonsmokers. (B) Columns show the relative SP1/SP2 ratios in low and high groups of nonsmokers and heavy smokers. *P<.05 compared with the low group of nonsmokers. (C) Columns show the relative SP1 to SP2 mRNA ratios in TM3 cells exposed to control, 0.1 μg/mL, and 10 μg/mL of CSC. *P<.01 compared with the control. Fertility and Sterility 2014 101, 51-57.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.001) Copyright © 2014 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Supplemental Figure 1 Detection of the histone-to-protamine ratio in sperm nucleus by aniline blue staining. Arrows indicate the sperm cells with elevated histone-to-protamine ratios in (A) normozoospermic nonsmokers and (B) asthenozoospermic heavy smokers. Fertility and Sterility 2014 101, 51-57.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.001) Copyright © 2014 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions