Investigating Shipping Pollution Violations Module 1 Introduction and Orientation

Introductions and Welcome Annaliese Caston Policy and Enforcement Adviser, Marine Environment Division, Australian Maritime Safety Authority ajc@amsa.gov.au Anthony Talouli - Marine Pollution Adviser SPREP. anthonyt@sprep.org Clark Peteru – Environment Legal Adviser SPREP. clarkp@sprep.org

Aim Provide tools and strategies that strengthen investigative and prosecution competencies under a range of relevant environmental protection, ship safety legislation, policy, and instructions Increase enforcement of international treaties, especially of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Assist capacity building to develop or enhance investigative tools and techniques

INTERPOL Environmental Crimes Committee Project Clean Seas Shared environmental concerns globally and aiming for a level playing field for the application and enforcement of laws International enforcement collaboration to mitigate illegal ship source pollution through enhanced regulatory compliance Cooperation INTERPOL and International Maritime Organization (MOU)

INTERPOL Investigative Manual ‘Illegal Oil Discharges from Vessels’ First international manual for environmental criminal enforcement Aimed at inexperienced and experienced investigators Available through National Central Bureaus (NCB) of Interpol members (National Police Departments) Basis for international model training course Developing complementary additions

Scope of Global Illegal Disposal of Oil by Ships “Every year, unscrupulous ship operators deliberately release more oil illegally into the global marine environment than all the combined oil spilled from the Aegean Sea (74,000 tonnes, 1992), the Braer (85,000 tonnes, 1993), the Sea Empress (72,000 tonnes, 1996), the Prestige (63,000 tonnes, 2002) and the Erika (20,000 tonnes, 2000).” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development “Cost Savings stemming from Non-Compliance with international Environment Regulation in the Maritime Sector” DSTI/DOT/MTC(2002)8/Final. ALL SHIP CAN POLLUTE! TOTAL OF 314,000 tonnes Exxon Valdez 37,000 (illegal discharges over 8 times the size of Exxon Valdez) 35 largest in world Why do ship pollute: to save money on purchasing and installing best available technology Cost of offloading waste oil in port Cost of providing adequate staffing Cost of OWS filters, membranes Cost and time of labour and maintenance Give financial bonuses to CE that keep within the budget.

Oil inputs into the ocean OECD 2002 illegal inputs from ships estimated 314,000 tonnes annually GESAMP 2006 accidental inputs from ships estimated 457,000 tonnes annually but cannot quantify illegal inputs Total inputs from all sea-based activities estimated 1,245,200 tonnes

Plastics in the Oceans An estimated 80% of the garbage comes from land-based sources and 20% from ships

Why do illegal discharges occur To save money! purchasing and installing best available technology cost of offloading waste oil in port cost of providing adequate crew/staffing cost of oily water separation equipment filters and membranes costs and time on labour and maintenance. keeping within projected budget (financial bonuses to ship officers/senior crew)

Regional Shipping Overview Overview of shipping activity in the region Associated pollution risks and problems for the region Set the scene locally - As appropriate provide statistics on the importance of shipping to the region and trading patterns. Describe the domestic shipping situation. Provide a brief overview of the role of different players in international shipping. If appropriate provide brief presentations on relevant local subjects such as Industry standards and capacity. Scientific studies and trends. Technological advances and constraints. Statutory instruments. Regulatory initiatives. Enforcement strategies and partnerships.

Container Traffic by Frequency

Total Traffic by Frequency

Longline Fishing Effort 1999

Purse Seiner Fishing Effort 1999

Tanker Traffic by Volume (DWT)

Questions?