Lateral trunk lean gait modification increases the energy cost of treadmill walking in those with knee osteoarthritis  J. Takacs, A.A. Kirkham, F. Perry, J. Brown, E. Marriott, D. Monkman, J. Havey, S. Hung, K.L. Campbell, M.A. Hunt  Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 203-209 (February 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.003 Copyright © 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Screen display of real-time biofeedback of lateral trunk lean angle. The participant was instructed to reach the green line (signifies 10° of lateral trunk lean) during each stance phase. Their current lateral trunk lean was marked by the slim black line in real-time. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 203-209DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.003) Copyright © 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Participant completing treadmill walking during the increased lateral trunk lean walking condition. Lateral trunk lean angle was displayed in real-time on the screen. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 203-209DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.003) Copyright © 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Mean (95% CI) VO2 (ml/kg/min) in normal walking and increased lateral trunk lean walking conditions over time (n = 11). VO2 was significantly higher during lateral trunk lean walking (P = 0.005). – Normal walking, – Lateral trunk lean walking. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 203-209DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.003) Copyright © 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Mean (95% CI) HR (bpm) during normal walking and increased lateral trunk lean walking conditions over time (n = 12). HR was significantly higher during lateral trunk lean walking (P = 0.008). – Normal walking, – Lateral trunk lean walking. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 203-209DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.003) Copyright © 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions