Bellringer What role, if any, did gender play in the witch trials of Europe of this time period?

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution Chapter 7.2

The Witchcraft Trials More than 100,000 people charged with witchcraft. Mostly common people and divorced women over 50. Accused witches tortured and confessed to: Swearing alligiance to the devil and casting spells

The Thirty Years’ War Called the “last of the religious wars”. 1618 – 1648 in the lands of the Holy Roman Empire. The conflict transformed from a religious war to a political war. Cardinal Richelieu of France helped cause this change. All major European country's involved except England. Cardinal Richelieu Prime Minister of France 1585 - 1642

The Thirty Years’ War Continued… The Thirty Years’ War was the most destructive War on European soil. Almost all of the battles were fought on German soil. France emerges as the dominant European Nation.

Effects of the Thirty Years’ War The Peace of Westphalia: Officially ended the war in Germany in 1648. -Declared that all German states could determine their own religion -The more than three hundred states that made up the Holy Roman Empire were named independent states. The Thirty Years’ War brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity.

Revolutions in England The most famous

The Stuarts and Divine Right James I : The cousin of Queen Elizabeth I, became King following her death in 1603. Divine Right of Kings: belief that kings receive their power from God and responsible only to God. The Puritans (Protestants in England inspired by Calvinst Ideas) were against the king’s strong backing of the Church of England.

Charles I 1628 – Parliament passed a law that prohibited the passing of any taxes without their permission. Charles ignored this petition and tried to enforce more ritual on the church of England. 1000’s of Puritans went to America rather than accepting Charles's new policies

Civil War 1642 – Civil War broke out in England between the supporters of the king (Cavaliers) and the parliamentary forces (the Roundheads).

The Commonwealth Parliament won this battle due to the New Model Army of Oliver Cromwell, a military genius. Cromwell ridded parliament of any members who did not support him, and on January 30,1649 had Charles I executed. Cromwell had Parliament abolish the monarchy and the House of Lords and declared England a republic, or Commonwealth.

The Restoration Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658. Parliament restored the monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I. Charles dismissed Parliament in 1681 to foil the Exclusion Bill.

King James II James II was an openly devout Catholic, making religion once more a cause of conflict between king and Parliament. Parliament strongly opposed James’s policies but stopped short of rebellion.

The Glorious Revolution 1688: William and Mary raise army and invade England forcing James, his wife, and his infant son to flee to France. January 1689: William and Mary accepted the throne along with a Bill of Rights. Bill of Rights: set forth Parliaments to make laws and levy taxes. Toleration Acts of 1689: Granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship.