ENERGY-EFFICIENT HOMES

POLICY This presentation will analyze the potential effectiveness and benefits of Energy- Efficient Homes.

ISSUES A 25% reduction of foreign oil imports would cause the price of oil to increase. This in turn would cause the cost of heating a home (that uses oil for its heat) to increase. Also, the price of gas at the pumps would increase, creating greater monthly expenses for all who drive. Energy efficient homes create other benefits not related to oil.

CONCLUSIONS Energy efficient homes can dramatically decrease the cost of maintaining the average home. Energy efficient homes also have the benefit of using renewable energy sources, which conserves existing energy resources.

BACKGROUND Industries aside, our homes are the chief consumers of many energy sources. The amount of energy wasted just through poorly insulated windows and doors is about as much energy as we get from the Alaskan Pipeline each year. The amount of electricity generated by fossil fuels for a single home puts more carbon dioxide into the air than two average cars.

Almost every home in the United States could be powered by renewable energy of some kind to a greater or lesser extent. Converting existing homes to energy- efficient homes, and building only new homes which are energy-efficient, would result in a myriad of benefits, both long term and short.

Improvements to an existing home, to make it an energy efficient home, focuses chiefly on ensuring that every aspect is properly installed, insulated, and all equipment is energy efficient. The major areas of concern are: Building Envelope Space Heating and Cooling Water heating and supply Waste water Appliances Garbage Lighting EXISTING HOMES

Construction of a new home can take advantage of a concept known as Whole Building Design. Whole Building Design takes an integrative approach to building design so that all elements of the building help achieve an optimal energy performance. The building has to interact effectively with the outdoor environment a concept known as climate-responsive architecture. Whole Building Design combines Energy-Efficiency with Solar Technologies to boost energy savings, and it reduces the amount of energy required to operate a home compared to conventional houses. NEW HOMES

NEW HOMES (CONT.) The Energy Efficiency aspect of Whole Building Design is concerned with the same areas as mentioned with Existing Homes. The Solar Technologies incorporated into the Whole Building Design involves the use of Passive Solar Design and Solar Thermal Technology.

NEW HOMES (cont.) Passive Solar Design Is the technology of heating, cooling, and lighting a building naturally with sunlight rather than with mechanical systems. Some design features include large south-facing windows and building materials that absorb and slowly release the sun's heat. It can also involve the use of Photovoltaic (PV) technology. PV is basically "solar electricity" that results from converting sunlight into energy. PV systems help preserve the Earth's finite fossil-fuel resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas. It also helps reduce air and water pollution associated with these energy sources. Incorporating passive solar designs can reduce heating bills as much as 50%.

NEW HOMES (cont.) Solar Thermal Technology Is the use of solar water-heating systems. Solar water-heating systems use collectors generally mounted on a south facing roof. These collectors heat water either Passively or Actively (Active being the most energy efficient).

NEW HOMES (cont.) External Whole Building Design Features

NEW HOMES (cont.) Internal Whole Building Design Features

Relatively few homes (existing & new construction) across the U.S. are energy-efficient homes. Considering the environmental benefits that an energy-efficient home creates, why havent more people chosen to make their homes an energy- efficient home? THE BIG QUESTION

Reluctance on the part of consumers to undertake the conversion of their homes to energy-efficient homes can be summed up in one word: MONEY The upfront costs that are required to make the conversion are often too great a barrier for the average consumer to overcome. The Human Barrier

Some energy efficiency improvements involve little or no implementation cost. However, there are also improvements that can cost a great deal of money. Replacing a heating system can cost up to $5,000 in a large house or even more if you are converting from electricity to another energy source. Installing new windows, while very beneficial to your home and the environment, can be a financial strain to implement.

Knowledge of the long-term benefits and monthly utility savings that an Energy-Efficient Home can provide. Knowledge about Energy-Efficient Home financing programs (government backed & conventional loan programs). Overcoming Human Barriers I

The average homeowner spends close to $1,300 a year on utility bills. THE BOTTOM-LINE

But an energy-efficient homewith such features as proper insulation, high efficiency heating and cooling systems, and energy-efficient windows can lower utility bills by 10 to 50 percent. This would all be reflected in a myriad of benefits, both long term and short.

Where the Money Goes

Because an energy-efficient home is cost- effective, there are financing programs available from mortgages to home improvement loans, which allow more people the opportunity to live in such a home. Consumers can benefit from energy-efficient financing whether buying, selling, refinancing, or remodeling a home. FINANCING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME

People looking to buy an energy-efficient home, can qualify for a better, more comfortable home because with lower utility costs, they can afford a larger mortgage payment. Most Energy-Efficient financing programs will encourage you to have an ENERGY RATING for your new or existing home, which will tell you and the lender how energy efficient it is. A rating typically involves an inspection by a professional energy rater who is certified under a nationally or state accredited Home Energy Rating System (HERS).

An energy rater will inspect the energy-related features of a home, such as: insulation levels window efficiency heating and cooling systems air leakage After inspection, the inspector will generate a report that includes the home's energy rating along with an estimation of annual energy use and costs.

To help qualify for most energy-efficient financing, the report usually must show that the home is energy-efficient or that any recommended improvements are cost-effective and will save more money than would be needed to be borrowed to install them. While calculating whether a borrower qualifies for a mortgage, a lender can recognize these savings and add the cost of the improvements into the mortgage.

Or, if the home is already energy-efficient, the lender can stretch the debt-to-income qualifying ratio (a borrower's monthly payment obligation on long-term debts divided by the borrower's net effective income or gross monthly income). An energy rater will inspect the energy-related features of a home, such as insulation levels, window efficiency, heating and cooling systems, and air leakage.

Energy-Efficient financing is offered through either government-insured or conventional loan programs. There are 2 types of Energy-Efficient Mortgages: 1.For a New Home 2.For an Existing Home You can purchase or refinance a home that is already energy-efficient, or you can purchase or refinance a home that will become energy- efficient after energy saving improvements are made.

Government Insured U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development FHA Energy-Efficient Mortgage FHA Section 203(k) Rehabilitation Mortgage Insurance FHA Energy-Efficient Home Mortgage FHA Mortgage Increase for Solar Thermal Systems FHA Title I Property Improvement Loan Insurance ENERGY EFFICIENT FINANCING PROGRAMS

Government Insured (cont.) U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) guarantees mortgage loans for veterans. It can be used to purchase or refinance a home along with the cost of making energy-efficient improvements.

Conventional Programs Most of the national lenders who offer energy-efficient financing operate through one of the following programs. ENERGY STAR® Mortgage Fannie Mae Freddie Mac E Seal DETAILS

HOW AN EEM SAVES MONEY Standard MortgageNew EEM Energy Improvement Costs $3,000 Appraisal Value$100,000 (add cost of improvement) $103,000 Down Payment$10,000 Mortgage Amount$90,000$93,000 P & I$614$634 Energy Savings (Monthly)$0$(50) Total Monthly Payments$614$584

HOW AN EEM INCREASES BUYING POWER For a standard home without energy improvements: Buyer's total monthly income $3,000$5,000 Maximum allowable monthly payment 28% debt-to-income ratio: $840$1,400 Maximum mortgage at 90% of appraised home value: $132,900$221,500 For an energy-efficient home: Buyer's total monthly income $3,000$5,000 Maximum allowable monthly payment 30% debt-to-income ratio: $900$1,500 Maximum mortgage at 90% of appraised home value: $142,400$237,300 Added Borrowing Power Due to the Energy Efficient Mortgage: $9,500$15,800

THE ENERGY EFFICIENT MORTGAGE PROCESS SIMPLIFIED

Overcoming Human Barriers II It has been suggested that the only way to encourage widespread use of Energy- Efficient Homes is through Governmental Legislation requiring energy-efficiency.

Existing Legislation Most existing legislation is done at the state level. The Model Energy Code (MEC), published and maintained by the International Code Council (ICC), has influenced most legislation. While not all states have a requirement regarding the energy efficiency of homes, most states have, in some form, adopted provisions of the Model Energy Code (MEC). Other states have adopted the MEC as recommended practice but have no statewide- requirement that all new construction use it.

The MEC contains energy efficiency criteria for new residential and commercial buildings and additions to existing buildings. The MEC covers the buildings ceilings, walls, and floors/foundations; and the mechanical, lighting, and power systems. While some states have adopted the MEC without modification, some states have adopted one of the MEC editions with state-developed amendments.

In an effort to harmonize building codes across America, the MEC was revised to become the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), first printed in 2000.

As presented at the NFRC Spring Membership Meeting, Regulatory Affairs Committee Snowbird, UT, April 2002 ENERGY CODE STATUS BY STATE

FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT Federal involvement in the effort to encourage energy efficient homes has chiefly come in the form of tax incentives. Example: The Omnibus Federal Energy Bill Passed by the House on August 2nd Awaiting approval by the Senate

The Omnibus Federal Energy Bill This Bill contains several tax credit provisions aimed squarely at residential real estate. It provides federal tax credits for homeowners who install energy conservation items such as: New insulation Energy-efficient windows Doors Solar hot water Photovoltaic equipment

For owners of existing homes the credit will be 20% of the amounts spent on Qualified Energy Efficiency Improvements", up to a maximum credit of $2,000. Tax credits are more valuable to taxpayers than deductions because they are subtracted dollar- for-dollar off the bottom line of a taxpayers federal tax bill.

There is a separate credit available for the installation of solar and photovoltaic energy- production equipment. These tax credits are similar to the credits for conservation, with a maximum allowable credit of $2,000 during a tax year.

Under this Bill, home builders and contractors also get a shot at tax relief. When they install energy-efficient heating and cooling systems in a new home they are constructing, they may be able to qualify for up to a $2,000 credit per home.

These new federal tax credits are expected to be extremely popular. The congressional Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that the home improvement incentives alone will lead to $1.6 billion worth of tax credits to homeowners in the coming decade. The solar and photovoltaic credits are estimated to put $125 million back into home owners' pockets during the same period.