Alkenes IB Chemistry Topic 10.

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Presentation transcript:

Alkenes IB Chemistry Topic 10

Reactions of Alkenes: The general mechanism Alkenes react with many substances to form a new substance. Catalysts, acids or other substances may be required to complete the reaction: C2H4 + XY → CH2X CH2Y Process occurs by breaking the double bond.

Reactions of Alkenes: with hydrogen Alkenes react with hydrogen gas to create an alkane, using nickel as a catalyst at 150ºC: C2H4 + H2 → CH3CH3

Reactions of Alkenes: with halogens Alkenes react readily with chlorine or bromine to create a di-halo-alkane (what is this?): C2H4 + 2 Cl2 → CH2Cl CH2Cl

Reactions of Alkenes: with hydrogen halogens Alkenes react readily with hydrogen halides to create a halo-alkane : C2H4 + HBr → CH3CH2Br

Reactions of Alkenes: with water Alkenes do not react readily with water. If sulfuric acid is used, then an intermediate substance will be made, allowing an alcohol to be created : C2H4 + H2O → CH3CH2OH Remember that H2O is the same as HOH, which can be dissociated into H+ and OH-

Distinguish between alkanes and alkenes using bromine water. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjIuBvod2eM

Distinguish between alkanes and alkenes using bromine water. Bromine water tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkanes (cyclohexane) → yellow/orange… No color change because no reaction Alkenes (cyclohexene) → clear / colourless Decolourization because of reaction with unsaturated hydrocarbon

Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization Mono- = one -mer = part Poly- = many So if several monomers are connected (think Lego’s), you get a … ???

Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization Naming polymers: put “poly-” in front of the name of the monomer There are 3 polymerization mechanisms that you need to be familiar with: Polyethene Polychloroethene Polypropene

Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization: Polyethene Reaction: nCH2=CH2 [-CH2-CH2-]n Monomer: ethene (aka ethylene), CH2=CH2 Conditions: Temp: 200º C Pressure: 2000 atm Initiator: small amts O2

Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization: Polychloroethene Each chloroethene contains 1 chlorine Therefore, when the chloroethene molecules polymerize, every other carbon will bond to 1 chlorine Aka PVC

Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization: Polypropene + =

Uses of alkene products Ethene can be used for a variety of purposes: Steam → ethanol Polymerize → polyethene React with chlorine → chloroethene… which interacts with ethanol → PVC React with benzene → phenylethene (styrene)… which interacts with ethanol → polystyrene