Lusine Aghajanova, M. D. , Ph. D. , Signe Altmäe, M. Sc

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Disturbances in the LIF pathway in the endometrium among women with unexplained infertility Lusine Aghajanova, M.D., Ph.D., Signe Altmäe, M.Sc., Kerstin Bjuresten, Outi Hovatta, M.D., Ph.D., Britt-Marie Landgren, M.D., Ph.D., Anneli Stavreus-Evers, Ph.D. Fertility and Sterility Volume 91, Issue 6, Pages 2602-2610 (June 2009) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.010 Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Relative expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (A), LIF receptor (LIFR) (B), gp130 (C), and suppressor of cyokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) (D) mRNA in human endometrium as revealed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. E = early secretory phase (n = 3); L = late secretory phase (n = 2); M = midsecretory phase (n = 3); P = proliferative phase (n = 2). Relative expression of LIF (E), LIFR (F), gp130 (G), and SOCS1 (H) mRNA in midsecretory human endometria from fertile (Control) women compared with women with unexplained infertility (Infertile); n = 3 in each group. Fertility and Sterility 2009 91, 2602-2610DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.010) Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Immunostaining of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), LIF receptor (LIFR), gp130, and suppressor of cyokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in human endometrium. All pictures are from endometria obtained during the midsecretory phase. (A) Staining of LIF in endometrium from a fertile woman. (B) Staining of LIF in endometrium from a woman with unexplained infertility. (C) Negative control. (D) Staining of LIFR in endometrium from a fertile woman. (E) Staining of LIFR in endometrium from a woman with unexplained infertility. (F) Negative control. (G) Staining of gp130 in endometrium from a fertile woman. (H) Staining of gp130 in endometrium from a woman with unexplained infertility. (I) Negative control. (J) Staining of SOCS1 in endometrium from a fertile woman. (K) Staining of SOCS1 in endometrium from a woman with unexplained infertility. (L) Negative control. Magnification ×40. (M) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) picture of endometrium obtained from healthy fertile woman at LH+7; pinopodes are observed. (N) SEM picture of endometrium obtained from a patient with unexplained infertility at LH+7; no pinopodes developed on the endometrial surface. Fertility and Sterility 2009 91, 2602-2610DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.010) Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions