48.1 – Describe how parent-infant attachment bonds form. Attachment: a strong bond between the primary caregiver(s) and the baby. Separation Anxiety: the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. Demonstrated by a child’s “closeness-seeking” and distress upon separation Develops within the first six months of life Attachment through contact Humans form a bond with those who care for them in infancy; based upon interaction with caregiver Harry Harlow Role of physical contact, or “contact comfort” in attachment

48.1 – Describe how parent-infant attachment bonds form.

48.1 – Describe how parent-infant attachment bonds form. Attachment throughout familiarity Occurs in many species of animals during a critical period Konrad Lorenz Imprinting The tendency to follow the first moving object seen as the basis for attachment

48.1 – Describe how parent-infant attachment bonds form.

48.2 – Describe how psychologists study attachment differences, and discuss their findings about the effect of temperament and parenting Temperament: a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. The behavioral and emotional characteristics that are fairly well-established at birth Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess (1986) “Easy” Babies Regular, good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable “Difficult” Babies Irregular, moody & loud, react negatively to new situations “Slow-to-Warm-Up” Babies Quieter, slow to respond to new situations

48.2 – Describe how psychologists study attachment differences, and discuss their findings about the effect of temperament and parenting Mary Ainsworth The “Stranger Situation” Identified 4 distinct styles of attachment Secure Avoidant Ambivalent Disorganized-Disoriented

48.2 – Describe how psychologists study attachment differences, and discuss their findings about the effect of temperament and parenting Mary Ainsworth – Secure Attachment Characteristics Very willing to explore Frequently “touched base” Wary of strangers, but calm as long as the mother was nearby When the mother left, the infant was noticeably upset; however, he or she was easily soothed upon her return *** Generally corresponds to secure attachment in adulthood ***

48.2 – Describe how psychologists study attachment differences, and discuss their findings about the effect of temperament and parenting Mary Ainsworth – Insecure Attachment Characteristics Only somewhat willing to explore Did not “touch base” Did not look at strangers Reacted very little to mother’s absence or to her return **Generally corresponds to dismissive attachment in adulthood

48.2 – Describe how psychologists study attachment differences, and discuss their findings about the effect of temperament and parenting Mary Ainsworth – Ambivalent Attachment Characteristics Unwilling to explore; clingy Very upset by strangers regardless of mother’s presence Very upset by mother’s departure; not easily soothed Mixed reaction to mother’s return ***Generally corresponds to preoccupied attachment in adulthood ***

48.2 – Describe how psychologists study attachment differences, and discuss their findings about the effect of temperament and parenting Mary Ainsworth – Disorganized Attachment Characteristics Subsequent studies by Mary Main & Erik Hesse (1990) Sometimes referred to as Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment Generally fearful with dazed and depressed expression Unable to decide how they should react to their mother’s return; little to no eye contact

48.3 – Discuss how childhood neglect, abuse, or family disruption affect children’s attachments. Deprivation of Attachment Impact of denying monkeys physical comfort from their mother? Cases of “Genie” and “Victor” Daycare?

48.4 – Discuss the effect of day care on children. Day Care and Attachment (Does day care affect attachment”?) High-quality day care programs do not appear to disrupt children’s attachments to their parents. Research shows that day care quality matters, and that family poverty often consigns children to lower- quality care. Children need a consistent, warm relationship with people whom they can learn to trust.

48.5 – Trace the onset and development of children’s self-concept. Self-Concept: all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who Am I?” Self-esteem Just as infants can achieve attachment, children must achieve a positive self concept; develops gradually in the first year “Mirror Test” - By 18 months, children know THEY are the image in the mirror (self-awareness) Children with a positive self-concept are more confident, assertive, optimistic and socialable…how is this achieved?

48.6 – Describe three parenting styles, and explain how children’s traits relate to them. Diana Baumrind’s - Parenting Styles Authoritarian Demanding; not responsive Impose rules and expect obedience Permissive Not demanding, but responsive Use little punishment Authoritative Demanding and responsive Exert control by establishing/enforcing rules, but they also explain the reasons for the rules