Chapter 5: Open-Ended Questions

1. Why were many Africans able to win independence after WWII? Atlantic Charter: post war support: “the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live” – US and Britain Supported by UN Negritude Movement: pride in African culture – new dignity and self-respect Rise of Nationalist Leaders and working class support

1. Why were many Africans able to win independence after WWII? European powers were weakened after the war. Lack of money to run colonies The Cold War helped nationalists and condemned imperialism – US and Soviet Union

1. Identify ways in which African nations have tried to meet the challenges identified below. Challenge: Lack of political stability Challenge: Developing a modern economy

Lack of political stability military leaders/rule one-party rule Parliamentary Democracy autocratic trying to build national unity through education – Pan-Africanism today democratization Democracy by consensus possibly

Developing a modern economy: socialism to ensure equality and development (government controls the economy to meet basic needs) Develop industry and agriculture - diversity today mixed economy (government control and Some privatization government focus on cash crops to build factories and produce goods for African use

Give EXAMPLES how the following have contributed to cultural change: 2. African nations have experienced rapid cultural change in recent years. Give EXAMPLES how the following have contributed to cultural change: a) urbanization b) education c) economic development d) population explosion e) westernization ALL CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE

Urbanization weaken traditional cultures/family (nuclear family) bond of lineage/kinship weakened, less attached to ancestor land less arranged marriages for urban educated created new elite (top jobs, wealth, education) spurred westernization greater freedoms/choices new activities (sports, malls, clubs) women’s rights/workforce

Education: increased literacy gave people new job skills – build a diverse economy Increased wages encouraged national unity women’s rights right to own and inherit property bride prices (wealth) outlawed Women have taken jobs as clerks, sales people, bankers, service industry and high-level government workers More choices Study abroad = brain drain

Economic development: changed way some people earn a living created new kinds of jobs - retail, social services, hospitality, government, manufacturing, infrastructure jobs Urbanization Women in the work force New ways for traditional work: new farming methods, refrigeration, motorized boats (fishing), factories, mining, meat packing (get herders to sell more cattle)

Population explosion: family planning programs changing ideas about family size Urban less children contributed to urbanization = leave rural areas lack of opportunity Contributed to strains on the government programs (health, education) Large percent of people under 25 years old disease

Westernization: brought new technology new goods new goals to people in traditional African cultures new values = wealth, education, choice glorifies the individual and material goods not group loyalty –weakened traditions Independent Churches: blend Christian and indigenous African beliefs Islamic revival as response in some regions women’s choice/education/rights

To Study Chapter 5 Section 1: African Nationalism and New Nations, Pan-Africanism, Colonial Legacy Activity: Nationalism and Independence (handout) Section 2: Types of governments: parliamentary system, one-party rule, military rule, socialism, mixed economies, political and economic challenges, meeting challenges Activity: African Steps Towards Development; A Case Study: Nigeria and Zimbabwe Section 3: Cultural change: family, women, rural patterns, effects of urbanization, education, economic development, population explosion, westernization Activity: Cooperative Learning – African Changing Patterns of Life

Vocab Julius Nyerere Joseph Mobutu Patrice Lumumba Kwame Nkrumah Pan-Africanism Negritude Movement Atlantic Charter Organization of African Unity (AU) Mau Mau autocratic democratization Parliamentary system socialism Julius Nyerere Joseph Mobutu Patrice Lumumba Kwame Nkrumah Jomo Kenyatta Robert Mugabe

A political challenge facing most Africans after independence was Building national unity Tribalism (strong tribal ties) Economic differences Conflict Debt

In Africa, major result of World War II was Increased nationalism 1950’s and 1960’s: achievement of political independence