Dietary sodium restriction prevents kidney damage in high fructose-fed rats  Carole Oudot, Anne D. Lajoix, Bernard Jover, Caroline Rugale  Kidney International  Volume 83, Issue 4, Pages 674-683 (April 2013) DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.478 Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Insulin and glucose tolerance tests in rats fed a high-fructose diet with normal or low sodium content. (a) Insulin tolerance test (ITT). (b) Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). N=8 in each diet. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. *P<0.05 versus NSC diet; †P<0.05 versus NSF diet. AUC, area under the curve; LSF, low-sodium, high-fructose diet; NSC, normal-sodium control diet; NSF, normal-sodium, high-fructose diet. Kidney International 2013 83, 674-683DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.478) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Influence of high-fructose diet and sodium depletion on urinary albumin excretion.N=8 in each diet. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. *P<0.05 versus NSC diet; †P<0.05 versus NSF diet. LSF, low-sodium, high-fructose diet; NSC, normal-sodium control diet; NSF, normal-sodium, high-fructose diet. Kidney International 2013 83, 674-683DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.478) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Fibrosis and macrophage infiltration in the kidney. (a) Representative microphotographs of Sirius red staining (top panel) and immunohistochemistry for ED1 (bottom panel) in the cortex. Arrows indicate ED1-positive macrophages. Scale bar=50μm. (b) Quantitative analysis of collagen deposition (% stained area in glomeruli and tubulointerstitium) and ED1-positive macrophage infiltration (number of positive cells per mm2 of tissue). N=8 in each diet. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. *P<0.05 versus NSC diet; †P<0.05 versus NSF diet. LSF, low-sodium, high-fructose diet; NSC, normal-sodium control diet; NSF, normal-sodium, high-fructose diet. Kidney International 2013 83, 674-683DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.478) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney. (a) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level in kidney homogenate. (b) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase velocity and cumulative superoxide anion (O2°-) production in kidney homogenate. N=8 in each diet. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. *P<0.05 versus NSC diet; †P<0.05 versus NSF diet. LSF, low-sodium, high-fructose diet; NSC, normal-sodium control diet; NSF, normal-sodium, high-fructose diet; RLU, relative light units. Kidney International 2013 83, 674-683DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.478) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Glomerular desmin immunostaining. (a) Representative microphotographs of glomerular desmin immunostaining. Bar=50μm. (b) Quantitative analysis of desmin immunostaining expressed in percent of glomerular tuft. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. N=5 in each diet. *P<0.05 versus NSC diet; †P<0.05 versus NSF diet. LSF, low-sodium, high-fructose diet; NSC, normal-sodium control diet; NSF, normal-sodium, high-fructose diet. Kidney International 2013 83, 674-683DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.478) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Ultrastructural depiction of podocyte foot processes in NSF and LSF rats with transmission electron microscopy. (a) Center panel depicts podocyte foot process effacement (black arrows) with increases in podocyte base width and loss of the slit pore diaphragm in NSF rats. Right panel depicts the uniformity of podocytes processes in LSF rats. (b) Ultrastructural analysis of glomerular filtration barrier measures. N=5 in each diet. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. *P<0.05 versus NSC diet; †P<0.05 versus NSF diet. Bar=500nm. LSF, low-sodium, high-fructose diet; NSC, normal-sodium control diet; NSF, normal-sodium, high-fructose diet. Kidney International 2013 83, 674-683DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.478) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Adipocyte size and macrophage infiltration in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. (a) Representative microphotographs of hematoxylin–eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for ED1 in adipose tissue. Bar=50μm. (b) Quantitative analysis of adipocyte area (μm2) and ED1-positive macrophage infiltration (number of positive cells per mm2 of adipose tissue). Data are shown as means±s.e.m. N=8 in each diet. *P<0.05 versus NSC diet; †P<0.05 versus NSF diet. LSF, low-sodium, high-fructose diet; NSC, normal-sodium control diet; NSF, normal-sodium, high-fructose diet. Kidney International 2013 83, 674-683DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.478) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions