Bellringer: D22 If you were an investor in the early 1800s with lots of money, which technology would you have invested in? Explain why:

U.S. History I Ch. 10.3A Unity + Sectionalism After the War of 1812, most Americans had a more unified view of their country. Pres. James Monroe said, in his Inaugural Address after winning the 1816 election: “If we look to the history of other nations…we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy.” Today we will: Analyze the election and reelection of James Monroe (1816,1820), and the Era of Good Feelings. Investigate the growing Sectionalism that begins to develop afterwards, and the Missouri Compromise. Scrutinize the three main leaders of these differences: John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, and Henry Clay.

The Era of Good Feelings The election of 1816 was the easiest margin of victory ever…except for George Washington’s election. James Monroe was Pres. Madison’s Sec. of State, and he was the natural candidate. He won 183 electoral votes to 34…a huge landslide victory. James Monroe in many ways seemed to remind people of George Washington. He was tall, handsome, looked presidential, and the U.S. had just “defeated” the British in the War of 1812. Federalists mostly just faded away, and most everyone got along! It was the Era of Good Feelings.

Sectionalism Grows As mentioned, the good times didn’t last. The Panic of 1819 left many people distrustful of the Federal Government again. This led to increased sectionalism, or more loyalty to their local region. Slavery was a big topic that fed into sectionalism. Many southerners felt that slavery was necessary for their economy, and so they stressed states’ rights, which would allow them to continue slavery if they wished. Other issues that strained the relationship between different regions of America included the need for tariffs, a national bank, and other internal improvements, like roads, canals, etc.

The Three Wise Guys 3 powerful spokesman emerged for their own regions in Congress during this period: John C. Calhoun for the South, Daniel Webster for New England, and Henry Clay, for the West. John C. Calhoun: Calhoun was a War Hawk from S. Carolina who was for several years a nationalist. By the 1820s, his views changed, and he especially opposed tariffs, which he thought only helped the North. Calhoun Daniel Webster: from New Hampshire, Webster saw tariffs as a way to protect developing American industries from foreign competition, and tried to unite the country in his goals. Webster

Henry Clay Henry Clay, another War Hawk we’ve mentioned, became the Speaker of the House for the House of Representatives in 1811. He was from Kentucky, and he worked hard to represent the interests of the up and coming Western States. He strove, like Daniel Webster, to resolve sectional disputes through compromise. His most famous compromise became known as the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Vid Slavery was the main issue, and Missouri wanted to become a state, but Northerners didn’t want it to allow slavery. Most in Missouri were from the south, and did want slavery. Then Maine wanted to become a state too. 36 30’

HW: Now you’ll do a bit more research into one of the following topics: Railroads Canals Turnpikes / Toll Roads Cotton Gin Steam Engine Steamboats Textile Mills Interchangeable Parts (like in guns), etc. Then, you’ll create an ad for a real / fictitious company that would have utilized this new tech / service, and try to convince people to use it / invest in it! You may also write a letter with the same goal as an alternative assignment. This is Due: Next Time!

Bellringer: D23 If you were Henry Clay, or in the Senate during 1820, would you have followed his compromise, or tried something else? Explain your thinking:

U.S. History I Ch. 10.3B Unity + Sectionalism End of Chapter! Henry Clay introduces the “American System”, which was his program to build up the nation. Today we will: Analyze the American System Plan of Henry Clay’s Look at two divisive court cases at this time, and their effects Investigate the issues regarding Foreign Affairs, including relations with Britain and Spain, and the Monroe Doctrine

The American System So what is the American System? Henry Clay promoted three key things: Protective Tariffs Internal Improvements A National Bank All of these would work together too. Protective Tariffs: Tariffs would provide money to improve internal infrastructure. Things like roads, canals, etc. This would by default increase business, thus providing more money and jobs for all Americans. And a national bank could control inflation and lend money to further grow the economy. Ultimately, most of his ideas didn’t really occur. Infrastructure remained something that private institutions or states mostly did, and the National Bank remained controversial.

Court Cases: Two very important court cases came out of this era: in 1819, McCulloch v. Maryland arose, regarding the issue of sectionalism: VIDEO As a result, the Federal Government reinforced the “Supremacy Clause.” Those who supported state’s rights felt this was an abuse of power and unconstitutional. Another law that arose regarding states’ rights and sectionalism was the 1824 case Gibbons v. Ogden, which was about interstate commerce. Both of these rulings strengthened the national government, while hurting States’ Rights.

Foreign Affairs The War of 1812 gave Americans a renewed sense of Patriotism. However, they also realized that they needed peace with the European Powers, or they would never be able to focus on internal development. Pres. Monroe and his Sec. of State John Quincy Adams worked to that end. In 1817, they created the Rush-Bagot Treaty, that limited the military naval vessels that both sides had on the Great Lakes. This lessened the threat of attacks along the border w/ Britain. Another agreement was the Convention of 1818, which set the official boundary of the U.S. and Canada at the 49th Parallel, while also allowing Americans the right to also settle Oregon Meanwhile, Gen. Andrew Jackson, in April 1818, invaded Spanish East Florida without permission, claiming it would help him stop Seminole Indian Raids in American territory. Spain was upset. Spain and the U.S. worked out the Adams-Onis Treaty.

The Monroe Doctrine Spain was facing many issues abroad. In Latin America, revolutionaries were fighting for independence in the early 1800s. Spain asked some of its European Allies (France, Prussia, Russia, Austria, etc.) to help squash these rebellions. The U.S. did not like the idea of other European countries getting involved in political affairs so close to their borders. Sec. John Q. Adams and Pres. James Monroe created a statement to let others know how they felt, called the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that Europe should not create any new colonies in America. When Pres. Monroe issued the Doctrine in 1823, the U.S. didn’t have the ability to defend its claim. However, eventually it would be pressed to do so, and it would rise to the challenge.

End of Chapter: Your Investment Ad is due, and we will have a quiz Kahoot re: Ch. 10, before continuing with Ch. 11 next!