Electron Transport Chain (Respiratory Chain)

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Presentation transcript:

Electron Transport Chain (Respiratory Chain) Dr. Sumbul Fatma 1 Lecture Respiratory Block

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) A system of electron transport that uses respiratory O2 to finally produce ATP (energy) Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane Final common pathway of metabolism Electrons from food metabolism are transported to O2 Uses maximum amount of body’s oxygen

Metabolic breakdown of energy-yielding molecules Energy-rich reduced coenzymes Electrons (e-) lose their free energy Excess energy generates heat

An electron micrograph of an animal mitochondrion Page 799 An electron micrograph of an animal mitochondrion

Cutaway diagram of a mitochondrion Page 799 Cutaway diagram of a mitochondrion

Cristae increase the surface area Mitochondrion Cristae increase the surface area

Components of ETC All members/components are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) IMM contains 5 complexes: Complex I, II, III, IV (part of ETC) Complex V (ATP synthase that catalyzes ATP synthesis) Mobile electron carriers CoQ Cytochrome c

Organization of ETC Each complex accepts or donates electrons to mobile carriers Carriers accept electrons from donors and then donate to the next carrier in chain Electrons finally combine with oxygen and protons to form water Oxygen is required as a final acceptor (respiratory chain)

Electron Transport Chain

Complex I – NADH Dehydrogenase This complex collects the pair of electrons from NADH and passes them to CoQ

Electron Transport Chain

Complex II – Succinate dehydrogenase It is also a part of the TCA cycle Transfers electrons to CoQ

Electron Transport Chain

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) Also called ubiquinone (ubiquitous in biological systems) A non-protein member of the ETC Lipid soluble and mobile

Cytochromes Each cytochrome is a protein that contains Heme group (porphyrin ring + iron in Fe3+ state) When cytochromes accept electron Fe3+ is converted to Fe2+ Fe2+ is reoxidized to Fe3+ when it donates electrons to the next carrier

Complex III and IV Complex III: Cytochrome bc1 Complex IV: Cytochrome a + a3 Electrons flow from: CoQ  Complex III  Cyt. c  Complex IV

Electron Transport Chain

Site-specific inhibitors of ETC

ETC is coupled to proton transport for ATP synthesis The energy of electron transfer is used to drive the protons out of the matrix It is done by complexes I, III and IV (proton pumps) This creates a proton gradient across the IMM to synthesize ATP

Coupling of electron transport (green arrow) and ATP synthesis Page 821 Coupling of electron transport (green arrow) and ATP synthesis

ATP synthase ATP synthase (Complex V) synthesizes ATP Consists of two domains: F0 – membrane spanning domain F1 – extramembranous domain

Transport of protons

Energetics of ATP synthesis The energy required for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP = 7.3kcal/mol Energy produced from the transport of a pair of electrons from NADH to O2 = 52.58 kcal No. of ATP molecules produced is 3 (NADH to O2) Excess energy is used for other reactions or released as heat

P:O ratio ATP made per O atom reduced For NADH P:O = 3:1 For FADH2

Inhibitors of ATP synthesis Oligomycin: Binds to F0 domain of ATP synthase and closes the H+ channel Uncoupling proteins (UCPs): Create proton leaks (allow protons to reenter the matrix without ATP synthesis) Energy is released as heat (nonshivering thermogenesis)