MACROMOLECULES EOC REVIEW

Carbon serves as the backbone Carbon forms covalent bonds.

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates sugars Think….. Blood sugar hexagon glucose CH2OH O HO H

Carbohydrates Function….. QUICK ENERGY OH H HO CH2OH O glucose

Cellular Respiration ATP broken down GLUCOSE ENERGY

One sugar…. Monosaccharide Glucose - C6H12O6 Fructose - C6H12O6

Two sugars…. Disaccharide Sucrose…table sugar

Polysaccharides Many sugars…

ENERGY STORAGE Polysaccharides – long chains of glucose Function…..

ENERGY STORAGE Polysaccharides – long chains of glucose How do animals store energy? - - - in liver Glycogen - - - in liver

Starch… in plants ENERGY STORAGE Polysaccharides – long chains of glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose ENERGY STORAGE How do plants store energy? Starch… in plants

Polysaccharides --- Structure & Support Cellulose --- the cell wall of plants

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

Proteins Think…..protein shake MUSCLES!!! WORK!!!!

Proteins Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. Special protein?? Proteins do all the work! ENZYMES are proteins!!! Special protein?? Reactions Protection Transport Movement Regulation Communication Structure

Proteins are long chain of … Amino Acids

Protein - - - long chain of amino acids.

There are 20 different amino acids. How many amino acids?

All amino acids have a similar structure. same —N— H | —C— C—OH || O same same R Different Here

Amino Acids

The most important proteins are…. Enzymes Enzymes control thousands of chemical reactions that occur within organisms. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. catalyst metabolism

ENZYMES Enzymes do their work and come out unchanged

Lock and Key Specific substrate attaches to specific enzyme sucrose Enzyme…. unchanged

How do enzymes speed up reactions? Enzymes lower the activation energy

How well an enzyme works depends on: Temperature pH ( acids & bases)

Temperature and Activity of Enzyme Human enzymes 37° reaction rate temperature The activity of the enzyme decreases at temperatures above and below the optimum temperature.

pH and Activity of Enzyme Stomach pepsin Intestine trypsin Optimum pH = 3 Optimum pH = 8 reaction rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH Each enzyme works best at a specific pH.

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

LIPIDS Fats & Oils Think….. Cholesterol

Lipids do not dissolve in water. Lipids are nonpolar. Lipids do not dissolve in water. Oil Water

Long Term Energy Storage Function… Long Term Energy Storage Animals - fats Plants - oil

Lipids

Lipids are composed of fatty acids.

Lipids are composed of fatty acids.

Saturated Fatty Acid: Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

DNA RNA There are two types of nucleic acids: __________ or deoxyribonucleic acid __________ or ribonucleic acid DNA RNA DNA contains the genetic information and the instructions for making proteins. DNA contains . . .

Chromosomes are composed of DNA.

Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.

Base P A nucleotide is made of three parts: A phosphate A sugar A base

Four different nucleotides Adenine Thymine P P Sugar Sugar Cytosine Guanine P P Sugar Sugar

REVIEW

What is the formula for glucose? C6H12O6

Proteins include enzymes muscles antibodies

Lipids include Fats and oils phospholipids cholesterol

Do lipids dissolve in water? A lipid is a nonpolar molecule that does not dissolve in water. Oil Water

Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA

DNA contains the genetic information and the instructions for making proteins

Carbohydrates are sugars

Carbohydrates are composed of Glucose…monosaccharides monosaccharide

Proteins are composed of Amino acids

Lipids are composed of fatty acids

Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides B B B P P P S S S

protein Which macromolecule? Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino

Which macromolecule? carbohydrate

Which macromolecule? proteins amino acid amino acid

What is this? A fat

Which macromolecule? Lipid

What are these? sugars monosaccharides

Which macromolecule? carbohydrate

What is this? A nucleotide Base P Sugar

Which macromolecule? Nucleic acid Base P Sugar

What is this? An amino acid —N— H | —C— C—OH || O R variable group

Which macromolecule? protein —N— H | —C— C—OH || O R variable group

DNA What is this?

Nucleic acid Which macromolecule?

Molecule that speeds up chemical reactions enzymes

What is this? A polysaccharide

Which macromolecule? carbohydrate

fats cushions organs & insulates body

Nucleic acids Which macromolecule? nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide

What is this? An amino acid

Which macromolecule? proteins

What are these? monosaccharides

Which macromolecule? carbohydrate

What is this? A nucleotide

Which macromolecule? A nucleic acid

What are these? disaccharides

Which macromolecule? carbohydrates

DNA & RNA Which macromolecule? Nucleic acids

What is this? An amino acid

Which macromolecule? proteins

Muscles are composed of protein

What are these? Fatty acids

Which macromolecule? lipids

What is this? polysaccharide

Which macromolecule? carbohydrate

What is this? A nucleotide

Which macromolecule? A nucleic acid

What are these? Amino acids

Which macromolecule? proteins

What is this? A phospholipid

What structure is composed of phospholipids? Cell membrane

cellulose The cell wall of plants is composed of the above macromolecule. The above macromolecule is ... cellulose

nucleotides Adenine --- A Thymine --- T Cytosine --- C Guanine --- G These are the bases for nucleotides Adenine --- A Thymine --- T Cytosine --- C Guanine --- G

What contains more energy? 1000 g of carbs 1000 g of fat 1000 g of protein

glucose What is the monomer? glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose

What is this? polysaccharide

Which macromolecule? carbohydrate

Glycogen What is it? This macromolecule is found in the liver of animals. What is it? Glycogen

Energy storage What is it’s function? This macromolecule is found in the liver of animals. What is it’s function? Energy storage

What is the function of glucose? This is a molecule of … (a specific name) glucose What is the function of glucose? To provide energy for cells.

What is this? Triglyceride

Triglyceride is a …. Fat or oil

Long term energy storage The function of this molecule is … Long term energy storage

glucose What is the monomer? glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose

starch Energy storage This macromolecule is found in plants. glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose This macromolecule is found in plants. What is it? starch Energy storage What is the function of the above macromolecule?

To provide energy for cells. What is the function of this molecule? To provide energy for cells.

? enzyme

substrate ?

products ?

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