Carbon Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Conduct research on issues associated with acid rain. Research the importance of energy conservation. Explore nuclear energy and its impact on science and society.

Organic Compounds Diamond Graphite Fullerenes Hydrocarbons Hardest substance Network solid-covalent bonds are rigid and compact Graphite Soft and slippery Sheets of carbon layered together Fullerenes Cages of carbon C60-looks like a soccer ball Hydrocarbons Chains of hydrogen and carbon

Fossil Fuels Mixtures of hydrocarbons from plants and animals Coal Solid Produces lots of soot Natural Gas From marine life Methane, ethane, propane, and butane Petroleum From animals Crude oil-long chains of hydrocarbons

Combustion A source of carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy Combustion of fossil fuels can cause acid rain by releasing sulfuric, nitric, and carbonic acids

Polymers Large molecule made of repeating units called monomers Synthetic Rubber-made from petroleum Nylon-fibers to make rope, clothing Polyethylene-HDPE and LDPE (recyclables) Natural Starches-sugars linked together Cellulose-cell walls Nucleic acids-DNA and RNA Proteins-made of amino acids

Radioactivity Unstable atoms emit particles and energy Atoms can change from one element to another Alpha particles, a 2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted, helium atom Can be stopped by paper Beta particles, b Like adding a proton Can be stopped by thin metal Gamma rays, g Like adding a proton and emitting radiation Can be stopped by lead or concrete

Radiation Can damage cells and tissue, causing cancer Can change DNA, causing mutations a & b affect surface tissues g affects internal tissues Use Geiger counter or badges to detect radiation

Decay Half-life Carbon dating Time needed for half of a sample to decay Constant rate of decay for isotopes Carbon dating Determines age of object by comparing C-14 For objects less than 50,000 years old

Fission and Fusion Fission Chain Reaction Fusion Atom hit with neutron and breaks apart Power plants Chain Reaction Neutron produced during fission triggers more splits Fusion Two atoms smash together to form a new one The sun