5.3 Central Europe

The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Peace of Augsburg divides Lutherans and Catholics, although both dislike Calvinists Ferdinand II, ruler of Czech kingdom, future Holy Roman Emperor and head of Hapsburg Family closes Protestant churches Protestants revolt against closings Army sent in to stop revolt Protestant princes want to challenge Catholic emperor

The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Two phases of the Thirty Years’ War Phase 1 = Hapsburg victories Phase 2 = Hapsburg defeats From 1618-1630 Hapsburgs win many victories Stop Czech revolts Defeat German princes Allows army to plunder & rob as payment

The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Hapsburg defeats Swedish king (Protestant) sends troops in 1630 Cardinal Richelieu & Cardinal Mazarin of France help Protestants – WHY? They were worried about Hapsburgs gaining too much power War devastates Germany 4 million Germans die Agriculture & trade ruined Economy is horrible

Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Peace of Westphalia Weakens Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria Gives France some German territory German princes independent of Holy Roman emperor Ends religious war in Europe Introduces new peace negotiation process where all parties (winners and losers) involved Most important result of Thirty Years’ War: No Catholic empire – equal independent states would exist

Developing the States 3 major powers = Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, Poland Central Europe development slow Economy different – central Europe rulers do not encourage capitalism In Poland, nobles weaken king’s power Little income, no law courts, no army Ottoman’s expanded empire to limit Holy Roman Empire weak by Thirty Years’ War

Developing States Two families try to become strong rulers since no major power in central Europe Austrian Hapsburg Family Eliminated Protestantism during 30 Years’ War Forced new Czech nobility to swear loyalty Took Austria from Ottomans Many cultures in Hapsburg empire: Czech, Austrian, Italian, Hungarian, Croatian, German Many cultures = difficulty in ruling Maria Theresa inherits Austrian throne

Prussian Empire Frederick the Elector = Prussian leader Builds strong military Buys enemies’ loyalty Runs militarized society Frederick the Great = son Son loved music, poetry, philosophy Dad thought son was weak Son forced to watch beheading of his best friend Follows dad’s military policy, but encouraged religious toleration, legal reform Felt a ruler should be like a father

War of Austrian Succession Frederick the Great wants part of Austrian land for resources Underestimates Maria Theresa’s strength Because she’s a woman she must be weak Maria Theresa wins war but loses part of land to Prussia Prussia now a major world power

The Seven Years’ War 1756-1763 Maria Theresa becomes allies with France Frederick the Great signs alliance with Britain Prussia attacks Austrian ally – all major European powers involved Battles of war take place all over the world Europe, India, North America War does not change European situation Britain gains control of India, some French colonies in North America