Introduction to Linguistics Language contact Introduction to Linguistics

Pidgin/creole languages Language contact borrowing Language shift Language death Pidgin/creole languages

Superstratum language In terms of power Superstratum language Substratum language

In terms of power Adstratum Language A Adstratum Language B

BORROWING

Lexical borrowing French Court, passion, saint Latin Data, item, veto Native American languages Chipmunk, igloo, kayak, moose, totem. Spanish Cafeteria, plaza, tornado Chinese ?

Phonological borrowing French Garage, rouge, treasure, leisure

diglossia

Two distinct varieties of the same language in a speech community Diglossia Two distinct varieties of the same language in a speech community High (H) variety Low (L) variety

H=High prestige L=Low prestige Diglossia H variety is not used in daily conversation L=Low prestige H and L are used in complementary situations.

Latin Arabic German Example: H=Classic Latin L=Vulgar Latin H=Classical Arabic L=Colloquial Arabic German H=high German L=low German

Code-switching

Code switching Alternative use between two or more languages. Discuss homework in Mandarin Chinese and English

Why switches codes? Identity /solidarity/social distance Status Topic

TO THE END OF A LANGUAGE

Language shift Endangered language Language death

Migrant minorities Language shift for practical reasons Job Education Business Pressure from the host society Language shift is expected A sign of successful assimilation

Questions?