Macromolecules

Why do we eat food?? WE HAVE TO EAT TO LIVE!!! Food provides ___________for all of the body’s functions Food is the _______that contains energy from the sun Humans eat these foods and burn the fuel they contain to release the stored solar energy energy fuel WE HAVE TO EAT TO LIVE!!!

How is food like Lego pieces? provides Food ____________the building blocks for our bodies You ______ build certain parts of your body without certain nutrients Macromolecules (Biological Molecules) are those nutrients can’t

Contain _________and __________atoms Inorganic compounds- Can have ______or the________, but do not contain ________carbon and hydrogen atoms Organic compounds- carbon hydrogen one other both

Most of your body’s molecules are organic compounds. Macromolecules are built from __________organic compounds the same way a railroad train is built, by linking a lot of smaller units together into long chains. small Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller __________molecules called __________(mono = ONE ) Monomers can bind to ________another to form ___________molecules known as ____________(poly = MANY) one simpler Complex Polymers monomers A polymer consists of _____________, _________units, which can also bind forming large polymers called __________________. (macro = LARGE ) Repeated linked macromolecules

A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are……… If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace? Example of Polymers (Macromolecules) Monomer A Train A Pearl Necklace The Cars Each Pearl

All macromolecules are made up of a small number of elements Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Most common elements in living organisms

Carbohydrates Made up of 3 elements: ____________, ______________, and ___________ Function: 1. 2. 3. Monomers (building blocks): Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Main source of the body’s energy (fuel) Short-term energy storage/preferred Structural support in cell wall in plants (cellulose) Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Structure sugar Subunit is ___________, a simple carbohydrate Sugars end in __________ Many sugars linked together makes ___________, a complex carbohydrate starch --ose (Draw This) Contain C, H, O in a ________ ratio Example: Glucose C6H12O6 6:12:6 = 1:2:1 1:2:1

Carbs are also called saccharides Monosaccharide – ________ sugar Monomers Examples: ___________, _________ Disaccharide – _______ sugars Examples: ___________: glucose + fructose _________: glucose + glucose Polysaccharide – ________sugars Polymers of monosaccharides Examples: cellulose, starch, or glycogen Cellulose/starch: stored excess sugar, provides supports Glycogen: stored in muscles supplies energy for muscle contraction one fructose glucose two sucrose maltose many

Carbohydrate Examples Foods high in Carbohydrates Bread, Cereal, Pasta, Potato Those found primarily in plants Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, starch

Lipids (Fats) Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Made of these elements _____________, ______________, and _______________ Function: 1. 2. 3. Monomers: Long-term energy storage Form cell membrane Steroid hormones Glycerol, and 3 Fatty Acid

Lipids Structure Lipids are ____________and cannot dissolve in water! Subunit or __________is ____________ ____ long chains of C and H Elements included C, H, O and some have P The big difference is the number of __________and ___________atoms. Example of a carbohydrate - C6H12O6 Example of a lipid – C55H98O6 nonpolar Monomer Fatty acid 3 carbon Hydrogen

Lipids Structure (continued) _____________(all single bonds) Usually solids, like butter _____________(1 or more double bonds) Usually liquids, like oil saturated unsaturated

Phospholipids Make up cell membranes. A Phosphate group is substituted for one of the three fatty acids. Have a polar hydrophilic head and two non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Phospholipids pair up to create a protective phospholipid bilayer. By bradleyhintz

Steroids There are many different types of steroids and they are ________ lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are: ALL Sex Steroids Anabolic Steroids Cholesterol Produced by liver for normal body functioning Testosterone & Estrogen Taken to increase muscle

Lipid Examples Fats, oils, and waxes cholesterol and hormones

Proteins Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sometimes Sulfur Made of these elements: ________________, _________________, ___________________, _____________ ,_____________________(CHONS) Functions Oxygen Nitrogen Sometimes Sulfur Control reaction rates Form cell structures Regulates cell processes/transports substances in and out of cells Defense against disease (antibodies)

Protein Structure monomer 20 N-C-C Proteins are made of subunits or ___________called ___________ There are ________(AA). The average protein has 100 AA A protein is easily identified because you will see a repetition of the bonding ________. Below is an amino acid… Amino Acids monomer 20 N-C-C Draw This

Protein Examples Foods high in protein Steak, Chicken, Insects, Eggs, nuts Enzymes Transport proteins in the cell membrane

Nucleic Acids Carbon Made of these elements: _________, ______________, ________, ________, ___________ Function: Monomers: _______________(A=T and C=G) Nucleotides are made up of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base Examples: DNA and RNA Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Store and transmit genetic material 4 nucleotides Draw this

Structure of Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are made up of _____________(monomer) Nucleotides have _____ parts ________,_____________, _______________Base ____types of nitrogenous bases ___________,__________,__________, _________(DNA only), ___________(RNA only) DNA has Adenine which bonds to Thymine and Guanine which bonds to Cytosine. RNA has Adenine which bonds to Uracil and Guanine which bonds to Cytosine. Nucleotides 3 Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous 5 Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil

Examples of Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic DNA- ___________________acid- double strand RNA- ________________acid- single strand 3 main types of RNA __________________________-takes genetic information to the ribosome _________________- carries amino acids for protein synthesis ___________________-makes up ribosome and aid in protein synthesis. Ribonucleic mRNA(messenger) tRNA(transfer) rRNA(ribosomal))