Christian Hagl, MD, Donald J. Weisz, PhD, Nawid Khaladj, MD, Matthew M

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Presentation transcript:

Use of a Maze to Detect Cognitive Dysfunction in a Porcine Model of Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest Christian Hagl, MD, Donald J. Weisz, PhD, Nawid Khaladj, MD, Matthew M. Griepp, David Spielvogel, MD, Bo-Yi Yang, PhD, Richard A. de Asla, BS, Carol A. Bodian, DrPH, Randall B. Griepp, MD The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Volume 79, Issue 4, Pages 1307-1314 (April 2005) DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.05.067 Copyright © 2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 A diagram of the maze depicting the rooms, the holding area, and the experimenter's station. Access to individual rooms was controlled remotely by opening and closing the doors. (FT = food tray.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2005 79, 1307-1314DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.05.067) Copyright © 2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 A view from the ceiling, taken by the overhead camera, revealing a pig entering a room in the maze with all doors open. It is obvious that the maze is not large enough to accommodate significant growth of the pig, making it necessary to design a task sufficiently complex that learning deficits can be assessed within the first 3 weeks after surgery. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2005 79, 1307-1314DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.05.067) Copyright © 2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Mean gross neurobehavioral scores during the first few days following 90 minutes of hypothermic circulatory arrest at 20°C in the groups of pigs subsequently evaluated using the maze. The neurobehavioral scale evaluates appetite, gait and behavior: a score of 9 is normal, and 0 = coma or death. No differences in the mean scores between the groups are apparent in the early postoperative period. ■ = task 1; □ = task 2. (POD = postoperative day.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2005 79, 1307-1314DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.05.067) Copyright © 2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Mean percent correct (± SEM) across all 10 days of learning evaluation for task 1, the 6/8 maze. The dotted line indicates the percent correct expected if an animal chooses the rooms at random. Shaded bars are unoperated control animals; clear bars are animals beginning learning evaluation 10 days after 90 minutes of HCA at 20°C: the differences between groups were not significant. ■ = controls (n = 7); □ = 90 min HCA at 20°C (n = 7). (HCA = hypothermic circulatory arrest; SEM = standard error of mean.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2005 79, 1307-1314DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.05.067) Copyright © 2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Mean percent correct (± SEM) across all 10 days of learning evaluation for task 2, the 2×4 maze. The dotted line indicates the percent correct expected if an animal chooses the rooms at random. Shaded bars are unoperated control animals; clear bars are animals beginning training 10 days after 90 minutes of HCA at 20°C. The average score of the unoperated animals from days 6 to 10 is significantly better than the average score of pigs who had undergone 90 minutes of HCA at 20°C, p = 0.04. ■ = controls (n = 7); □ = 90 min HCA at 20°C (n = 6). (HCA = hypothermic circulatory arrest; SEM = standard error of mean.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2005 79, 1307-1314DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.05.067) Copyright © 2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions