The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model

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Presentation transcript:

The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model

Models Models are attempts to explain how nature operates on the microscopic level based on experiences in the macroscopic world. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Fundamental Properties of Models A model does not equal reality. Models are oversimplifications, and are therefore often wrong. Models become more complicated as they age. We must understand the underlying assumptions in a model so that we don’t misuse it. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Localized Electron Bonding Model

Localized Electron Model A molecule is composed of atoms that are bound together by sharing pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of the bound atoms. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Localized Electron Model Description of valence electron arrangement (Lewis structure). Prediction of geometry (VSEPR model). Description of atomic orbital types used to share electrons or hold long pairs. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Lewis Structures

Lewis Structure Shows how valence electrons are arranged among atoms in a molecule. Reflects central idea that stability of a compound relates to noble gas electron configuration. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Lewis Structures Sum the valence electrons. Place bonding electrons between pairs of atoms. Atoms usually have noble gas configurations. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

React 8 Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules: H2 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

React 9 Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules: NH3 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

React 10 Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules: CO CO2 CH3OH BF3 C2H6O PCl5 NO3- SF6 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model

VSEPR Model The structure around a given atom is determined principally by minimizing electron pair repulsions. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Predicting a VSEPR Structure Draw Lewis structure. Put pairs as far apart as possible. Determine positions of atoms from the way electron pairs are shared. Determine the name of molecular structure from positions of the atoms. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

VSEPR Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

VSEPR: Two Electron Pairs Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

VSEPR: Three Electron Pairs Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

VSEPR: Four Electron Pairs Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

VSEPR: Iodine Pentafluoride Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

React 11 Determine the shape for each of the following molecules, and include bond angles: HCN PH3 SF4 O3 KrF4 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

React 12 To determine the shape of a molecule, what is always the first step? How do we treat multiple bonds in VSEPR theory? If more than one atom can exceed the octet rule, where do the extra electrons go? Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

React 13 True or false: A molecule that has polar bonds will always be polar. -If true, explain why. -If false, provide a counter-example. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

React 14 True or false: Lone pairs make a molecule polar. -If true, explain why. -If false, provide a counter-example. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.