Reproductive Technologies Lesson Artificial Selection Hybridization Artificial Pollination Artificial Insemination In Vitro Fertilization Cloning Recombinant DNA Concerns

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Reproductive Technologies _________ Currently: .............. Selective breeding Artificial insemination Recombinant DNA

Artificial Selection _________ Choosing individuals with specific traits to reproduce _________ ..............

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Corn has been artificially selected to produce large ears with large kernels

Artificial Selection Pets _________ Cat breeds .............. Common ancestor of all dogs and wolves was a (now-extinct) species of wolf

Hybridization _________ .............. E.g., Savannah cat, mule, liger, pluot, sweet corn, Leyland cypress

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Artificial Pollination .............. _________ Can be dusted on or brushed on

Artificial Pollination .............. Can pollinate same flower (self-pollination) or another flower (cross-pollination) _________

Artificial Insemination Sperm collected from male Collected sperm inserted into female’s uterus

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In Vitro Fertilization .............. _________ Embryo implanted into female’s uterus (either original egg donor or a different female)

In Vitro Fertilization _________ Obtain livestock with desired traits Reproductive limitations in livestock .............. Human reproduction: reproductive limitations

Cloning .............. Natural and artificial Three types of artificial cloning _________

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Cloning .............. Remove fertilized egg _________ Embryos implanted into female Mimics natural formation of identical twins

Cloning .............. _________ Nucleus removed Somatic (body) cell taken from another animal Egg cell (without nucleus) combined with somatic cell (with nucleus)

Cloning .............. Egg cell now has DNA from an existing animal After a few cycles, embryo implanted into female _________

Cloning .............. _________ Dolly the sheep – 1996 Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua the macaques – 2018

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Cloning .............. Drawbacks Difficult and inefficient _________ Organ defects Large birth weight Dolly lived to be only half the normal lifespan of sheep

Cloning .............. Cloned embryo grown to provide embryonic stem cells _________ Used to understand and treat disease Stem cells are undifferentiated Two techniques SCNT Induced pluripotent stem cells

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Cloning .............. Replace diseased or damaged tissues/organs _________ Drawbacks Sometimes accumulate dangerous mutations after 60 cell division cycles

Recombinant DNA _________ Combined DNA placed into another organism .............. Process Isolate (cut out) DNA fragment with desired gene Insert DNA fragment into another organism’s DNA

Recombinant DNA _________ .............. E.g., some vaccines made from viral proteins produced in yeast cells that have been recombined with viral genes

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Concerns _________ Reduced genetic diversity in agricultural products .............. Therapeutic cloning by SCNT requires embryo destruction E.g., “GATTACA” Reduced genetic diversity in agricultural products